<p>B & O Railroad Viaduct is a registered historic structure in Bellaire, Ohio, listed in the National Register on June 22, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Bridge</h3><br>
<p>The B&O Railroad&#39;s first bridge across the Ohio River, built in 1857, served a rail line through Parkersburg, West Virginia. But the growing center of Chicago, Illinois, made a span between Benwood, West Virginia, and Bellaire more desirable.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, the B&O obtained the Central Ohio Railroad and later the Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark Railroad. These acquisitions linked Bellaire to the port of Sandusky on the shore of Lake Erie, and thence to Chicago. The proposal to build a bridge at Bellaire threatened a ferry business there, whose owners sought and obtained an injunction was filed in court. The railroad fought the injunction to the USA Supreme Court and won.</p><br>
<p>Discussions into the building of the bridge began in the late 1860s and it was decided that the bridge would be a long-span wrought-iron-truss. The design of the bridge was handled by Jacob Linville, president of the Keystone Bridge Co., which manufactured its trusses. The bridge was completed in 1871. The approaches are made of cut sandstone blocks that elevate the rail line to the recommended height. The bridge itself consists of all wrought-iron trusswork resting on six cut stone piers sunk into the river bed.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was featured in the 2010 film Unstoppable starring Denzel Washington. Filming on the bridge in Bellaire ran from November 9 to 14, 2009.</p><br>
<h3>Bridge spans</h3><br>
<p>The spans to the bridge were completed in 1870. The Bellaire span contains 43 arched spans measuring 33 ft wide and varying from 10 to 20 ft in height over the roadways of downtown Bellaire. The span comes down from the north and curves at 6 degrees to the east. Each span contains 37 stones, representing the 37 states at the time of completion.</p><br>
<p>The span in Benwood contains stone piers with iron truss-work supporting the railway above. The span comes in from the south and curves 270 degrees to the west. The span traverses several manufacturing sites and comes within feet of West Virginia Route 2.</p><br>
<p>In total, the entire span contains 14,854 yd3 of masonry, the piers and abutments contain 25,375 yd3. The bridge span is 8,566 ft in length and the total cost was over $1,000,000.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Rail-related</p><br>
<p>The Bankers Trust Company Building is an office building located at 205 West Congress Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan, within the Financial District. Designed by Wirt C. Rowland of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls and completed in 1925, the ornately modeled building is an exquisite example of Italian Romanesque Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bankers Trust Company was founded in 1917 and its offices were originally located in the State Savings Bank Building, at the northeast corner of West Congress and Shelby Streets. The bank later hired the architectural firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls to design a new headquarters building down the street; the structure, designed by Wirt C. Rowland, was completed in 1925. The Bankers Trust Company occupied the building from 1925 to 1948, when a brokerage firm moved in. The structure later housed a fast food restaurant, a diner, and several nightclubs, before being sold in 2015 to an unidentified buyer for $3 million.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-story building is faced with terra cotta and includes elaborate exterior Italian Romanesque–style decorations, with massive arched windows designed to admit light to the banking room. The large first-floor arches are echoed on the second floor. Green marble columns topped with lions flank the corner entrance, which once had a revolving door (now removed). The interior has been remodeled multiple times as the structure served different uses; the three-story addition on Shelby Street, designed in the International Style, was completed in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Pill Hill is a National Register of Historic Places district southwest of downtown Rochester, Minnesota. The neighborhood encompasses many old houses built on a limestone bluff for staff of the nearby Mayo Clinic, which led to the name.</p><br>
<p>The boundaries of Pill Hill are roughly 3rd and 9th Streets and 7th and 10th Avenues Southwest. More generally the neighborhood is found between USA 52, USA 63 (Broadway), Memorial Parkway, and 2nd Street SW. Saint Mary&#39;s Hospital is at the bottom of the hill to the north of the district.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the neighborhood was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Several buildings on Pill Hill are individually listed, including the Plummer House and the Mayo Foundation House.</p><br>
<p>Savoyard Centre , also known as State Savings Bank, is an office building at 151 West Fort Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1981</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The State Savings Bank was organized in 1883, and purchased the site at the corner of Fort and Shelby in 1898, by which time it was the largest bank in Detroit. They commissioned the prominent architect Stanford White to design the Neo-Classical bank. The interior and exterior walls are white marble. The main entrance is in a recessed portico and framed by two Ionic columns 28 ft tall and weighing 56,000 lb. Above the entry is a cartouche bearing the Michigan Coat of Arms flanked by two figures representing Industry and Commerce.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the State Savings Bank merged with the Peoples Savings Bank to form the Peoples State Bank, requiring a larger building. The addition is nearly indistinguishable from the original.</p><br>
<p>The two-story main banking room in the interior is surrounded by arched colonnades. The colonnades are divided by Ionic pilasters. The second floor occupies the upper portions of the arches and frosted glass allows light to pass between the spaces. The coffered ceiling is molded plaster and is slightly more ornate in the 1898 portion of the building. The main vault stood at the rear of the original structure and the 1914 addition placed it in the middle of the banking floor. In the archway over the Congress Street entry is a mural by American artist Thomas Wilmer Dewing. It is an allegorical representation of the City of Detroit flanked by Commerce and Agriculture. The painting was completed in 1900 and placed in its present position after the structure was expanded in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The bank again merged in 1927 to become the Peoples Wayne County Bank, but disappeared in the financial failures of the Great Depression. Afterward, the headquarters of Edsel Fords Manufacturers National Bank occupied the building. In the 1960s, a pedestrian bridge was constructed across Shelby Street to connect the two buildings then occupied by Manufacturer&#39;s Bank. The building was continuously used as a bank until the 1980s, when it became an office supply showroom.</p><br>
<p>In August 2013, the building was jeopardized as owners proposed demolition and converting the property to a surface parking lot. Bedrock Real Estate Services, a company owned by local businessman Dan Gilbert added the structure to its portfolio of 65 Detroit properties December 13, 2014. The company did not disclose the purchase price or possible plans, however one rumored use could be an auto museum.</p><br>
<p>Lake Mattoon is a 1,050-acre  reservoir located in Coles County, Illinois, Cumberland County, Illinois, and Shelby County, Illinois. Almost three-quarters of the lake, 765 acres , is located in Shelby County. The reservoir was built to supply tap water to Mattoon, Illinois and Neoga, but also provides fishing and boating recreation. The lake is 4 miles  long and 0.5 miles  wide.</p><br>
<p>The lake is owned by the city of Mattoon. Boaters must buy a permit to use the lake. There is no power limit on the lake, which welcomes waterskiers. The lake is stocked with bass, bluegill, catfish, and crappie.The nearest Interstate access is Exit 177 on Interstate 57.</p><br>
<p>A large Reliant Energy electricity generating plant stands adjacent to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Thetis Lake is a name that refers to two freshwater lakes  connected by a narrow culvert in the 834 hectare Thetis Lake Regional Park outside Victoria, British Columbia, about 12 km from the city centre. It was established as Canada&#39;s first nature sanctuary in 1958. The park was named for the frigate HMS Thetis, which had been assigned to Esquimalt as part of the Royal Navy&#39;s Pacific Squadron. Thetis is encountered in Greek mythology mostly as a sea nymph or known as the goddess of water, one of the fifty Nereids, daughters of the ancient sea god Nereus.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s facilities include several beaches, miles of forest trails, parking, washrooms and a change room. The two lakes are extremely popular in the summer. The area features many Garry Oak and Douglas fir trees, and the lake was rumoured to hide the Thetis lake monster, since its first sighting in 1972. However this was revealed as a hoax.</p><br>
<p>The Lena Water Tower is a water tower located in the village of Lena, Illinois, United States. It was built in 1896 following two decades of problems with structure fires in the village. The current water tower is the result of a second attempt after the first structure proved to be unstable. The tower stands 122.5 ft tall and is built of limestone and red brick. The current stainless steel water tank holds 50,000 gallons  and replaced the original wooden tank in 1984. The site has two other structures, an old power plant building and a 100,000 US gallon  reservoir. The Lena Electric Plant Building was constructed in 1905 and the reservoir completed in 1907. The Lena Water Tower was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1997; the reservoir was included as a contributing property to the listing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The need for a water tower in Lena was the topic of newspaper editorials many years before the current structure was actually built in 1896. In the early 1870s fires struck a stable, a warehouse, a rural school and several houses in and around Lena. The 1871 Great Chicago Fire induced a sense of panic among many Illinoisians, including those in the village of Lena. In 1874 fire nearly destroyed the freight house and depot owned by the Illinois Central Railroad in Lena. The fires continued through the 1870s and 1880s and the Lena Star editorials led the crusade to build a water tower.</p><br>
<p>The week of June 14, 1895 workers began drilling for the new reservoir and water tower. The drill reached 400 ft in depth and became stuck. It was not freed until October 1895 and work crews were forced to work double shifts to compensate. The tower structure itself began rising by early November when disaster struck the project. As a rock was being hoisted up the tower it crashed to the ground ripping through the first two floors of the structure. When a winter thaw hit the area on December 25 the mortar on the building began to crumble; the unseasonable thaw had weakened poorly mixed mortar. Citizens were outraged and blamed the newspaper for pushing the tower so furiously. The paper, in turn, blamed the faulty work of the contractor; the foundation was not large enough to support the mass of the tower structure.</p><br>
<p>In June 1896 village trustees voted to hire USA Wind, Engine and Pump Company from Batavia, Illinois to demolish the unstable water tower and rebuild it with a properly founded structure. On June 19, 1896 the company arrived to demolish the old structure and begin laying a new foundation using Portland cement.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Lena Water Tower is situated on a triangular section of land in the village of Lena, Illinois, located in western Stephenson County approximately 38 miles (61 km) east of Galena, Illinois. It is 22 ft wide at its base and rises to a height of 122.5 ft. The first 56 ft of the structure was constructed from limestone blocks, each block measures 24 in by 30 in. Six stone buttresses flank the first 50 ft of the water tower as well. The 44 ft beyond the limestone portion of the facade is faced in red brick. The limestone was quarried east of the village.</p><br>
<p>Atop the brick of the current Lena Water Tower is a stainless steel tank which is held in place only by the weight of the water inside. The current tank replaced the old wooden water tank in 1984 and is painted black with "LENA" spelled out in large yellow letters across its face. The tank is 22.5 ft tall and 18.6 ft in diameter; it holds 50,000 gallons (189,271 l) of water and is ringed by a metal catwalk.</p><br>
<h2>Other structures</h2><br>
<h3>Lena Electric Light Plant Building</h3><br>
<p>There is one building on the Lena Water Tower site. The Electric Light Plant Building was constructed in 1905 by the Benfield Brothers for developer W.M. Arnold and it housed the Lena Electric Light Plant. By 1920 the building had two additions; in 1912 a brick addition was added to the buildings south elevation to house a steam engine and boiler, the 1920 addition was of brick and on the Electric Plants north elevation.</p><br>
<p>The hip roof is clad in asphalt shingles while the wooden soffits have been covered with aluminum, another of the alterations through the years. The original structure featured doors and windows that have since been bricked over and altered. From east to west on the original south elevation was a 7.5 ft by 10 ft doorway, four windows, a doorway, another door, and two windows. The north and west facades had two windows and the south elevation another large doorway. In 1978 Pierce Construction of Lena was hired to completely or partially brick over all doors and windows on the building. A new windowed, wooden door was installed in a new opening on the east facade of the Electric Plant.</p><br>
<p>The building had two more additions in 1982. A red brick addition with an 18 ft by 15 ft garage door was added to the north elevation and a shed addition with a 9 ft by 7 ft garage door was added to the southeast elevation, both built in 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Reservoir</h3><br>
<p>The on site reservoir was completed in 1907 and is connected to the old Electric Plant Building through two 15 ft cast iron pipes. The 100,000 gallon (378,541 l) reservoir is constructed from concrete and features a roof of wood and metal.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Lena Water Tower has been in continuous service since it was built in 1896 and is the tallest structure in the village. Included in the listing to the National Register was the reservoir, which was added as a contributing property. The Electric Plant Building, however, was not included in the listing because of the large number of modern alterations it has undergone. The Lena Water Tower is believed to be one of three in the state of Illinois designed and built of similar construction and has become a symbol of the village of Lena.</p><br>
<p>Swallow Falls is a name coined by early tourists for the Rhaeadr Ewynnol , a multiple waterfall system in Wales, located on the Afon Llugwy near Betws-y-Coed, in Conwy County Borough.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Swallow falls is located on Afon Llugwy near Betws-y-Coed, in Conwy County Borough. It is thought that the English name arose from a mis-hearing of the Welsh word ewynnol (foaming) as the similar-sounding y wennol (swallow).</p><br>
<p>It was suggested in 1899 that the falls could be used to generate electricity for the nearby village of Betws-y-Coed, as well as overhead lighting for the falls. In 1913 the second Lord Ancaster, the landowner, gave the Swallow Falls to the local council, who decided to charge for visiting it in order to pay off some of the £15,000 debt incurred through the installation of water and electricity supplies to the village. Once the debt of costs of installation was cleared the parish retained the fee, resulting in Betws-y-coed having the lowest rates in the country. By the 1930s, the waterfall had become a popular tourist destination, although there were few visitors during the winter off-season. A writer in the Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer on 17 January 1933, described the waterfall as coming "over the rocks in a perfect torrent, peerless white in the dusk."</p><br>
<p>In 1939, Richard Morris, the former chairman of the local council, was charged with making false entries in the upkeep of the tolls. There was a total deficiency of £67 15s 6d; by the time the charge was laid, Morris had already repaid the sum. The cheap water and electricity rates ended after Local Government re-organisation in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Mount Olympus  is the highest mountain in Greece. It is located in the Olympus Range on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, between the regional units of Pieria and Larissa, about 80 km southwest from Thessaloniki. Mount Olympus has 52 peaks, deep gorges, and exceptional biodiversity. The highest peak, Mytikas, meaning "nose", rises to 2,917 m. It is one of the highest peaks in Europe in terms of topographic prominence.</p><br>
<p>Olympus was notable in Greek mythology as the home of the Greek gods, on the Mytikas peak. Mount Olympus is also noted for its very rich flora, with several species. It has been a National Park, the first in Greece, since 1938. It is also a World&#39;s Biosphere Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Every year, thousands of people visit Olympus to admire its fauna and flora, tour its slopes, and reach its peaks. Organized mountain refuges and various mountaineering and climbing routes are available to visitors who want to explore it. The usual starting point is the town of Litochoro, on the eastern foothills of the mountain, 100 km from Thessaloniki, where, in the beginning of every summer, the Olympus Marathon terminates.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The shape of Olympus was formed by rain and wind, which produced an isolated tower almost 3,000 m above the sea, which is only 18 km away at Litochoro. Olympus has many peaks and an almost circular shape. The mountain has a circumference of 150 km, an average diameter of 26 km, and 600 km&sup2; of area. To the northwest lies the Vlach village of Kokkinoplou. The Makryrema stream separates Olympus from the massif of Voulgara. The villages Petra, Vrontou and Dion lie to the northwest, while on the eastern side there is the town of Litochoro, where Enipeas bisects the massif of Olympus. On its southeastern side, the Ziliana gorge divides Mount Olympus from Kato Olympos (Lower Olympus), while on its southwestern foothills, there are the villages Sykaminea and Karya. The Agia Triada Sparmou Monastery and the village Pythion lie to the west. Olympus&#39; dry foothills are known as the Xirokampi, containing chaparral and small animals. Further east, the plain of Dion is fertile and watered by the streams which originate on Olympus.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Olympus is formed of sedimentary rock laid down 200 million years ago in a shallow sea. Various geological events that followed caused the emergence of the whole region and the sea. Around one million years ago glaciers covered Olympus and created its plateaus and depressions. With the temperature rise that followed, the ice melted and the streams that were created swept away large quantities of crushed rock in the lowest places, forming the alluvial fans, that spread out all over the region from the foothills of the mountain to the sea.</p><br>
<h2>Morphology</h2><br>
<p>The complicated geological past of the region is obvious from the morphology of Olympus and its National Park. Features include deep gorges and dozens of smooth peaks, many of them in altitude of more than 2,000 m, including Aghios Antonios (2,815 m), Kalogeros (2,700 m), Toumpa (2,801 m) and Profitis Ilias (2,803 m). However, it is the central, almost vertical, rocky peaks, that impress the visitor. Over the town of Litochoro, on the horizon, the relief of the mountain displays an apparent V, between two peaks of almost equal height. The left limb is the peak named Mytikas (or Pantheon - 2,918 m). It is Greeces highest peak. Then, on the right is Stefani (or Thronos Dios ), which presents the most impressive and steep peak of Olympus, with its last sharply rising 200 meters presenting the greatest challenge for climbers. Further south, Skolio (second highest peak - 2,912 m) completes an arc of about 200 degrees, with its steep slopes forming on the west side, like a wall, an impressive precipitous amphitheatrical cavity, 700 m in depth and 1,000 m in circumference, the Megala Kazania. On the east side of the high peaks the steep slopes form zone like parallel folds, the Zonaria. Even narrower and steeper scorings, the Loukia&#39;, lead to the peak.</p><br>
<p>Οn the north side, between Stefani and Profitis Ilias, extends the Muses Plateau, at 2,550 m, while further south, almost in the center of the massif, extends the alpine tundra region of Bara, at an altitude of 2,350 m. Olympus has numerous ravines and gullies. Most distinguishable of the ravines are those of Mavrologos-Enipeas (14 km) and Mavratzas-Sparmos (13 km) near Bara and cut&#39; the massif in two oval portions. On the southern foothills the great gorge of Ziliana, 13 km long, consists of a natural limit that separates the mountain from Lower Olympus. There are also many precipices and a number of caves, even nowadays unexplored. The form and layout of the rocks favor the emergence of numerous springs, mainly lower than 2,000 m, of small seasonal lakes and streams and of a small river, Enipeas, with its springs in the site Prionia and its estuary in the Aegean Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Religion and mythology</h2><br>
<p>In Ancient Greek religion and mythology, Olympus was the home of the Twelve Olympian gods of the ancient Greek world. It is the setting of many stories in Greek religions and myth. The Twelve Olympian gods lived in the gorges, where there were also their palaces. Pantheon (today Mytikas) was their meeting place and theater of their stormy discussions. The Throne of Zeus (today Stefani) hosted solely him, the leader of the gods. From there he unleashed his thunderbolts, expressing his divine wrath. In Pieria, at Olympus&#39;s northern foot, the mythological tradition had placed the nine Muses, patrons of the Fine Arts, daughters of Zeus and the Titanide Mnemosyne.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to several sources, including, Mt Olympus was originally named Mount Belus. The history of Olympus has been turbulent, as its surrounding area was not only a sacred shrine but also a battlefield for the control of the access from Thessaly to Macedonia in ancient times. In the period of the Ottoman Empire the mountain was a hiding place and base of operations for klephts and armatoloi.</p><br>
<p>In Olympus, the second armatoliki was founded, led by Kara Michalis in 1489. The action of the klephts in Olympus led the Turks to visit their outrage on the klephts ally-village of Milia (in the late 17th century), which they destroyed. In that period Livadi in Olympus became the seat of the armatoliki of Olympus and Western Macedonia, with their first renowned commander Panos Zidros. In the 18th century the Turks had to replace the armatoloi (who very often joined the klephts) with Moslem Albanian armatoloi who ravaged the countryside of Macedonia. However, Olympus armatoloi, even after their capitulation to Ali Pasha, never ceased fighting on land and at sea. Among them who were active there and in nearby regions were Nikotsaras, Giorgakis Olympios and the legendary family of Lazaioi. In the early 20th century, even for some time after the liberation from the Ottoman Empire (1912), robbers were active in the region - the best known of them the notorious Giagoulas, while during the German invasion in 1941 the Greek army fought significant battles along with units of New Zealanders and Australians. During the German Occupation (1941 - 1944) the mountain was one of the centers of the Greek Resistance, while a little later the Greek Civil War (1946–49) started there, in Litochoro.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing expeditions</h2><br>
<p>Ancient Greeks likely never tried to climb Olympus peaks Pantheon and the Throne of Zeus (currently called Mytikas and Stefani respectively), which they considered to be the Twelve Olympians home. But surely they reached the nearest peak, nowadays called Aghios Antonios, from where they had a view of the two peaks and where they left offerings, as recent archaeological findings indicate. In the modern era, a series of explorers tried to study the mountain and to reach, unsuccessfully, its summit. Examples include the French archaeologist Leon Heuzey (1855), the German explorer Heinrich Barth (1862), and the German engineer Edward Richter. Richter tried to reach the summit in 1911 but was abducted by Klephts, who also killed the Ottoman Gendarmes that accompanied him.</p><br>
<p>It was just one year after the liberation of Greece from Ottoman rule, on 2 August 1913, that the until then untrodden summit of Olympus was finally reached. The Swiss Frédéric Boissonnas and Daniel Baud-Bovy, aided by a hunter of wild goats from Litochoro, Christos Kakalos, were the first to reach Greece&#39;s highest peak. Kakalos, who had much experience climbing Olympus, was the first of the three to climb Mytikas. Afterwards and till his death (1976) he was the official guide of Olympus. In 1921, he and Marcel Kurz reached the second highest summit of Olympus, Stefani. Based on these explorations, Kurz in 1923 edited Le Mont Olympe, a book that includes the first detailed map of the summits. In 1928, the painter Vasilis Ithakisios climbed Olympus together with Kakalos, reaching a cave that he named Shelter of the Muses, and he spent many summers painting views of the mountain. Olympus was later photographed and mapped in detail by others, and a series of successful climbings and winter ascents of the steepest summits in difficult weather conditions took place.</p><br>
<p>Climbing Mount Olympus is a non-technical hike, except for the final section from the Skala summit to the Mytikas peak, which is a YDS class 3 rock scramble. It is estimated that 10,000 people climb Mount Olympus each year, most of them reaching only the Skolio summit. Most climbs of Mount Olympus start from the town of Litochoro, which took the name City of Gods because of its location at the foot of the mountain. From there a road goes to Prionia, where the hike begins at the bottom of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient and medieval sites</h2><br>
<p>The whole region of Pierias Olympus was declared archaeological and historical site for the preservation of its monumental and historical character. Five km away from the sea is Dion, sacred city of the ancient Macedons, dedicated to Zeus and the Twelve Olympians. Its prosperity lasted from the 5th century B.C. to the 5th century A.D. The excavations, continuing since 1928, have revealed numerous findings of the Macedonian, the Hellenistic and the Roman period. Currently there is a unique archaeological park of 200 hectares, with the ancient town and the sacred places of worship, outside its walls. Many statues and other invaluable items are kept in the nearby Dions museum. Pimblia and Leivithra, two other towns in Olympus region, are related to Orpheus and the "Orphic" mysteries. According to a tradition Orpheus, son of Apollo and Calliope (one of the Muses), taught here the mystic ceremonies of worship of Dionysus (also known as Bacchus). By the sea, in a strategic position, at Macedonias gates is located Platamon Castle, built between 7th and 10th century A.D. in the ancient town of Heracleia. To the north the ancient Pydna is located. Here, in 168 BC, the decisive battle between the Macedonians and the Romans took place. Between Pydna and Mount Olympus is a fortified bishops seat from the Bycantine aera called Louloudies.</p><br>
<h2>Christian monuments</h2><br>
<p>In Olympus region there are also several Christian monuments, among them the highest-altitude chapel of Orthodox Christianity, that of Profitis Ilias, on the summit of the same name (2,803 m). It was built in the 16th century by Saint Dionysios of Olympus, who also founded the most significant monastery in the region. The Old Monastery of Dionysios (altitude 820 m) lies in Enipeas gorge and is accessible by car from Litochoro. It was looted and burned by the Ottomans and in 1943 it was destroyed by the German invaders, who suspected it was a guerilla den. Nowadays it has been partially restored and operates as a dependency of the New Monastery of Dionysios, that is outside Litochoro. On Olympus southern foot, in a dominant position (820 m) in Ziliana gorge, there is the Kanalon Monastery, 8 km away from Karya. It was founded in 1055 by the monks Damianos and Joakim and since 2001 it has been restored and operates as a convent. Further west, in the edge of Mavratza stream, at 1,020 m, there is the Agia Triada Sparmou Monastery, that flourished in the early 18th century, possessed great property and assisted to establish the famous Tsaritsani school. It was abandoned in 1932, but in 2000 it was completely renovated and reopened as a male monastery, affiliated to Elassona&#39;s diocese.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Generally speaking Olympus&#39; climate can be described as one of mediterranean type with continental influence. Its local variations is the result of the impact of the sea and the rugged relief of the region. In the lower locations (Litochoro and the foothills) the climate is typically mediterranean, i.e. hot and dry in the summer, while humid and cold in the winter. Higher it is more humid and severe, with more intense phenomena; in these locations it often snows all over the winter, while raining and snowing is not unusual, even in the summer. The temperature varies in the winter from -10 °C to 10 °C and in the summer from 0 °C to 20 °C, while winds are an almost everyday occurrence. Generally the temperature falls 1 °C per 200 m of altitude. As the altitude rises, the phenomena are more intense and the variations of temperature and humidity are often sudden. The coastal northeast slopes of Olympus receive more rain than the continental northwest, so, as a result, there is a clear difference in vegetation. being more abundant in the first of them. Hottest month is August, while coldest is February.</p><br>
<p>The mountains highest zone, over 2,000 metres, is snowcapped for about nine months (September to May). In some places the winds gather snow, 8–10 metres thick, (anemosouria in Greek), while in some deep ravines the snow is maintained all over the year (everlasting snow). For this Olympus alpine region, recordings have been made in the 1960s in the highest-altitude weather station in Greece, that was established on the summit of Aghios Antonios (2,815 m), providing a number of interesting data for the mountain&#39;s climate. Τhe average temperature is -5 °C in winter and 10 °C in summer. The average annual precipitation heights vary from 149 cm at Prionia (1,100 m) to 170 cm at Aghios Antonios, about half of them rainfall and hailstorms in summer and the rest snowfall in winter. The weather may change several times in the same day. In summer rainfalls are frequent, commonly as evening thunderstorms, many times accompanied by hail and strong winds. However water springs over 2,000 metres are scarce and visitors should ensure that they have always water and of course the necessary clothing for any weather conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The research of Olympus&#39; plants started in 1836, when the French botanist Αυcher - Εlογ studied them. According to this and later studies, the National Park of Olympus is considered one of the richest flora regions in Greece, with about 1,700 species and subspecies, that represent some 25% of Greek flora. Of them 187 are characterized as significant, 56 are Greek endemic and of them 23 are local endemic, i.e. they can be found only in Olympus, and 16 are rare in Greece or/and have there the limits of their spread within Northern Greece.</p><br>
<p>Most of those found in lower altitude are the common Mediterranean and central European species. Jankaea heldreichii, a plant relic of the Ice age, is of particular interest for the botanists. Τhe intense diversity of the landscape, the varying orientation of the slopes and their position in relation to the sea affect locally Olympus climate and so a local microclimate prevails, combined with the geological background and the soil favor the growth of particular vegetation types and biotopes. Generally Olympus northeast side is densely forested, as it receives the most rainfall, while the southwest one has significantly sparser vegetation. Moreover, there is a clear sequence of the vegetation zones in accordance to altitude, in Olympus there is no such a regularity. It is due to the great microclimate variety, caused by the region&#39;s landscape.</p><br>
<h3>Flora zones</h3><br>
<p>In Olympus there are generally four sequent flora zones, but not clearly separated:</p><br>
<h4>Mediterranean vegetation zone</h4><br>
<p>In the altitude between 300 and 500 metres occurs the evergreen broadleaf trees&#39; zone (maquis). Along with oak (Quercus ilex) and Greek strawberry tree there occur kermes oak, strawberry tree, Phillyrea latifolia, bay laurel, cedar and others. Of the deciduous species most common are flaxinus ulmus, Montpellier maple, Judas tree, terebinth, Cotinus coggygria and others.</p><br>
<h4>Forest zone of beech, fir and mountain coniferous</h4><br>
<p>The evergreen broadleaf trees&#39; zone is gradually replaced by ecosystems of European black pine, that forms compact clusters, with no intermediate zone of deciduous oaks, although trees of these species occur sporadically within clusters of black pine. On the northern slopes of Xirolakos valley, at altitude between 600 and 700 metres, there is a high forest of downy oak of about 120 hectares.</p><br>
<p>Τhe black pine dominates on the eastern and northern side of the mountain, between 500 and 1,700 metres. In this zone there is also hybrid fir in small groups and scrubs or small clumps, particularly in the lower region and in the sites Naoumi (west) and Stalamatia and Polykastro (east), where it is mixed with black pine and Bosnian pine. In this zone there is also beech. While in the neighboring mountains Pierians and Ossa it creates an extended vegetation zone, in Olympus it is restricted to small clusters, appearing as islets, mainly in more humid locations and the best soils. A particularly rich variety of trees and shrubs is found in Enipeas&#39; gorge. One can see there elm, cherry plum, European yew, hazel, holly, cornus mas, manna ash, maple and a considerable variety of herbaceous plants. Gorges and ravines are covered by oriental planes, willows, black alders and riverside greenery.</p><br>
<h4>Boreal coniferous zone</h4><br>
<p>Typical species of this zone is Bosnian pine. This rare kind of pine occurs sporadically higher than 1,000 metres and gradually replaces the black pine, while over 1,400 metres it creates an almost unmixed forest. Οver 2,000 metres the forest becomes sparser, reaching to 2,750 metres, thus creating the highest forest limit (highest limit of forest growth) in the Balkans, or even in Europe. Another feature of this zone is that over 2,500 metres the trees appear in a crawling form. The region, where Bosnian pine grows, is mostly dry and its slopes are rocky. There are no springs or water streams. The vegetation growing there is adapted to specific local conditions and represented by typical shrubs, graminaceous, chasmophytes etc., while the flora includes many endemic species of the Balkans.</p><br>
<h4>No forest high mountains' zone (Alpine tundra)</h4><br>
<p>Beyond Bosnian pines zone follows an extensive zone, without trees, with alpine meadows, consisted by a mosaic of grassland ecosystems, depending on the topography, the slope and the orientation of the ground. In general, this alpine flora with more than 150 plant species, contains snow accumulation meadows, grassy swamps, alpine scree and rock crevices. On the meadows, the rocks and the steep slopes live most of the endemic Olympus plants, among them some of the most beautiful wildflowers in Greece. Half of them are found only in the Balkans and 23 only in Olympus and nowhere else.</p><br>
<h3>Olympus' endemic plants</h3><br>
<p>Achillea ambrosiaca</p><br>
<p>Alyssum handelii</p><br>
<p>Asprerula muscosa</p><br>
<p>Aubrieta thessala</p><br>
<p>Campanula oreadum</p><br>
<p>Carum adamovicii</p><br>
<p>Centaurea incompleta</p><br>
<p>Centaurea litochorea</p><br>
<p>Centaurea transiens</p><br>
<p>Cerastrium theophrasti</p><br>
<p>Erysimum olympicum</p><br>
<p>Festuca olympica</p><br>
<p>Genίsta sakellariadis</p><br>
<p>Jankaea heldreichii</p><br>
<p>Ligusticum olympicum</p><br>
<p>Melampyrum ciliatum</p><br>
<p>Poa thessala</p><br>
<p>Potentilla deorum</p><br>
<p>Rynchosinapis nivalis</p><br>
<p>Silene dionysii</p><br>
<p>Silene oligantha</p><br>
<p>Veronica thessalica</p><br>
<p>Viola striis - notata</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Οlympus&#39; fauna, that has not been systematically studied so far, includes considerable variety and is marked by important, rare and endangered species. Large mammals, that lived formerly in the region, like deer, have disappeared. In ancient times there were lions (Pausanias), while at least until the 16th century there were bears (Life of St. Dionysios the Later). There have been recorded 32 species of mammals, including wild goat (Rυρicapra rupicapra balcanica), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), wildcat (Felis sylvestris), beech marten (Martes foina), red fox (vulpes vulpes) and red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). There have also been detected 108 species of birds (like sparrowhawk, cinereous vulture, rock partridge, white stork, rock dove, European robin, lanner falcon, peregrine falcon, tree falcon, golden eagle, short-toed snake eagle, booted eagle and hoopoe). Many of them, particularly the birds of prey, are scarce. In addition there are the common reptiles of Greek fauna (22 species like snakes, turtles, lizards, etc.) and some amphibians (8 species) in streams and seasonal ponds, as well as a great variety of insects, particularly butterflies.</p><br>
<h2>National Park</h2><br>
<p>Greeces highest mountain, dwelling of the Twelve Gods of antiquity, has been the first region in the country to be applied specific protective rules, by its declaration as a National Park in 1938. The aim of this declaration was ΄΄...the preservation in perpetuity of the natural environment of the region, i.e. of wild flora, fauna and natural landscape, as well as its cultural and other values...΄΄. In addition the declaration has aimed promoting scientific research along with environmental education for the public and tourist development in the region. Specific laws prohibit all forms of exploitation on the eastern side of the mountain in an area of about 4,000 hectares, that is the core of the Park. A wider region, around this core, has been designated ΄΄peripheral zone of the National Park΄΄, so that its managing and exploitation to be done so as not to adversely affect the cores protection. At present, the park has been expanded to 24,000 hectares. Administratively it belongs to Pierias and Larissas Prefectures and specifically to the municipalities Diou-Olympou and Katerinis (Pieria) and Τempon and Elassonas (Larissa). Its lowest altitude is 600 metres and its peak, Mytikas, at 2,918 metres. In 1981 UNESCO proclaimed Olympus ΄΄Biosphere Reserve΄΄. European Union has listed Olympus in the ΄΄Significant for Birdlife Regions of European Union΄΄. It is also registered in the list of Natura 2000 European Network as a special protection area and a site of Community interest.</p><br>
<h3>Olympus National Parks regulations</h3><br>
<p>The Park is protected by specific legislation. Under the ΄΄Special Regulation΄΄ entrance to the Park is allowed only by the existing roads and traffic is allowed from sunrise to sunset only on formed paths. The visitor should also know that the following activities are not allowed :</p><br>
<p>Entrance to children under 14 years unescorted.</p><br>
<p>Parking in places other than the specific parking lots.</p><br>
<p>Felling, humus transportation, rooting and collecting shrubs, plants and seeds.</p><br>
<p>Hunting any animal by any means throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>Collection and destruction of nests, eggs or chicks and general disturbance and destruction of fauna species.</p><br>
<p>Damage to geological formations.</p><br>
<p>Free movement of any animals accompanying visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Olympus massif is found about in the middle of Continental Greece and is easy to approach from the national railway network on the Athens-Thessaloniki line and the secondary roads that connect towns and villages around the mountain, with the principal base for excursions being the town of Litochoro, where there is are many hotels and taverns. In addition, on Pierias coastal zone there are many camp sites and lodgings. The nearest international airport is that of Thessaloniki, and railway stations are those of Litochoro, Katerini and Leptokarya. There is frequent service by KTEL buses and a taxi stand is in Litochoro&#39;s central square.</p><br>
<p>By air: Makedonia Airport in Thessaloniki, 80 km away from Katerini and 150 km from Elassona.</p><br>
<p>By train: Athens-Leptokarya (regular line), Athens-Katerini (Intercity) and Thessaloniki-Litocoro (Suburban).</p><br>
<p>By bus: Athens-Katerini (437 km), Thessaloniki-Katerini (68 km), Katerini-Litochoro (25 km), Athens-Larissa (354 km), Larissa-Elassona, Elassona-Kokkinopilos (22 km), Elassona-Karya (36 km).</p><br>
<p>By car:</p><br>
<p>To Litochoro via Road P.A.TH.E. (412 km away from Athens, 93 km from Thessaloniki).</p><br>
<p>To Elassona via National Roads Athens-Larissa (354 km) and Larissa-Elassona (38 km).</p><br>
<p>To Karya via road Larissa-Rodia-Sykaminea-Karya (48 km, 6 km of them dirt road).</p><br>
<p>To Karya via Road P.A.TH.E. and road Leptokarya-Karya (24 km), or Neos Panteleimonas-Kallipefki-Karya (37 km).</p><br>
<p>To Kokkinopilos from Elassona via road Katerini-Foteina-Elassona (46 km) or via forest road Foteina-Petra-Kokkinopilos.</p><br>
<h2>Refuges</h2><br>
<p>"Spilios Agapitos". The first and evener refuge of the region is at the site "Βalkoni" (or "Exostis") at 2,100 m altitude, in the center of Mavrologos and belongs to Greek Federation of Mountaineering Club (E.O.O.S). Ιt provides 110 beds, water, electricity and telephone facilities, heating, blankets and a restaurant, managed by Maria Zolota and her husband Dionisis. It operates from May to October, 6-10 p.m.</p><br>
<p>"Vrysopoules". The second refuge is westerly, behind Mavratzas&#39; gorge at the site Vrysopoules (1,800 m) and is accessible also by car from location Sparmos. It is managed by Κ.Ε.Ο.Α.Χ (Army Skiers) since 1961. It provides 30 beds, a kitchen, water, electricity, central heating and a fireplace. It is open all year round, but to overnight a military license is required.</p><br>
<p>"Christos Kakalos". Ιt is at the southwest edge of Muses&#39; Plateau (2,648 m), belongs to Greek Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing (Ε.Ο.Ο.Α) that operates it from May to October and provides 18 beds, electricity, blankets, a kitchen and tank water. It is managed by one of the best experienced Greek climbers, the geologist Mihalis Stylas.</p><br>
<p>"Stavros" ("Dimitrios Bountolas"). It is on Olympus&#39; eastern side, 9.5 km on asphalt road away from Litochoro, at 930 m altitude, in Dionysios Monastery forest. It belongs to the Greek Mountaineering Club of Thessaloniki, operates all year round, mainly as refreshment room and restaurant and can host 30 persons. It is managed by Doultsinou family.</p><br>
<p>"Giosos Apostolidis". It is on Muses&#39; Plateau (Diaselo - 2,760 m) and belongs to the Club of Greek mountaineers of Thessaloniki. It can accommodate 80 persons, it provides electricity, water, a fireplace and an equipped kitchen and it is open from June to October. It is managed by Dimitris Zorbas.</p><br>
<p>"Petrostrouga". It is on the second, more common, path to Olympus (D10); it is the same path to reach to Muses&#39; Plateau. Τhis refuge is at 1,900 m altitude, surrounded by perennial Bosnian pines. It can accommodate 60 persons, it provides an equipped kitchen, electricity, water and a fireplace and it is open all year round. It is managed by the Hellenic Rescue Team. It provides organized medical equipment and one of the three emergency heliports in Olympus (the others at Skourta and Spilios Agapitos) and emergency wireless inside and out of the refuge.</p><br>
<h3>Emergency refuges</h3><br>
<p>Aghios Antonios: emergency refuge on the summit Aghios Antonios (2,818 m). It is equipped with emergency items by the Hellenic Rescue Team. In the refuge there is wireless for communication in case of emergency.</p><br>
<p>Kalyva tou Christaki: emergency refuge in ΄΄Megali Gourna΄΄ (2,430 m) along the Path E4, Kokinopilos - Skala. The refuge does not provide emergency items (there are only beds) but is only for protection from bad weather.</p><br>
<p>Kakalos: emergency refuge at the "oropedio ton mouson"</p><br>
<p>It belongs to the Greek Mountaineering & Climbing Federation (www.eooa.gr) and is located at the eastern margin of the Plateau of Muses at an elevation of 2,650 m. It was named after Christos Kakalos the Olympus hunter and guide who together with the Swiss climbers Fred Boissonnas and Daniel Baud Bovy made the first recorded ascent to Olympus highest peak Mytikas on 2 August 1913. It has a capacity of 25 people and offers lodging, food and toilets. It is open from mid May to end of October and from December to mid April.</p><br>
<h2>Coin</h2><br>
<p>Mount Olympus and the national Park around it were selected as the main motif for the Greek National Park Olympus commemorative coin, minted in 2005.</p><br>
<p>On the reverse, the War of the Titans on Mount Olympus is portrayed along with flowering branches on the lower part of the coin. Above the scene is written, in Greek, "National Park Olympus".</p><br>
<p>Solang Nala  derives its name from combination of words Solang  and Nullah . It is a side valley at the top of the Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh, India 14 km northwest of the resort town Manali on the way to Rohtang Pass, and is known for its summer and winter sport conditions. The sports most commonly offered are parachuting, paragliding, skating and zorbing.</p><br>
<p>Giant slopes of lawn comprise Solang Valley and provide its reputation as a popular ski resort. A few ski agencies offering courses and equipment reside here and operate only during winters.</p><br>
<p>Snow melts during the summer months starting May and skiing is then replaced by zorbing (a giant ball with room for 2 people which is rolled down a 200 metre hill), paragliding, parachuting and horse riding. A ropeway was recently opened.</p><br>
<p>Going to the summit can be possible by ATVs, Ropeway or Climbing (Trekking)</p><br>
<p>The Forest Home Farms is a 16 acre municipal historic park located in San Ramon, California. In 1997, Ruth Quayle Boone bequeathed the land and all buildings on it to the City of San Ramon for use as a park and historical site in memory of her husband, Travis Moore Boone. After Ruth Boone’s death in 1998 at the age of 94, the City expanded the memorial to include Ruth, in honor of her generosity to the people of San Ramon and in recognition of the contribution women made to agriculture in the San Ramon Valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 16 acre farm is located at the base of the Berkeley Hills, and Oak Creek divides it in two almost equal parts. The northern portion of the site contains all of the structures built or used by the Boones, except for the cistern, which sits atop a hill on the southwest corner of the property. The structures include two houses, fourteen outbuildings and two pergolas. The houses represent almost a century of residential development in the valley. The Boone House is a 22-room Dutch colonial that was remodeled several times since it was built in 1900. This home will eventually serve as a retreat and meeting center. The fourteen outbuildings, which vary significantly in date of construction and size, include a barn originally built in the period from 1850 to 1860, a 7,000 ft&sup2; farm equipment and automobile storage structure and a three-building walnut processing plant that includes a three-story hulling and drying structure.</p><br>
<p>The southern portion of the property is now home to the David Glass House, a Victorian style structure dating to the late 1860s to early 1870s. This home was relocated from its original site at Lora Nita Farm. The Glass House is a two-story, wood-frame dwelling with a one-story rear wing, which may be older than the main body of the house. The tank house, somewhat modified from historic condition, is a two-story, wood-frame structure that is probably slightly later in date than the house. The Glass House exterior will soon be restored to its original beauty. Following that part of the project, the landscaping around the home will be reworked to resemble a photo of the home from 1890s. The photo shows a windmill behind the home and the windmill from the Henry Farm will be placed there to best recreate the way the Glass House is depicted in the photo.</p><br>
<h2>Current events</h2><br>
<p>On May 5, 2007, the city of San Ramon began holding a farmers&#39; market on the site. In addition, tours of the site are conducted by appointment on Thursdays and Saturdays.</p><br>
<h2>Future plans</h2><br>
<p>The scope of work for this project is quite large and there is a master plan that outlines what needs to be done to make the park accessible to the public. The work will probably take place over the next five years but hopefully some parts of the property will be available to the public on a limited basis. Eventually the site will allow the public to see what life was like in the valley near the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to the structures, there will be agricultural artifacts and a collection of antique farm equipment. City of San Ramon Public Services employees along with volunteers have already restored several John Deere tractors and vehicles. School groups will be able to schedule field trips to the site.</p><br>
<p>The Falconbrook was a stream that rose in Balham & Tooting draining most of that parish draining the south of Battersea including Clapham Junction and a narrow strip in the rest of Battersea where it entered the River Thames.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Falconbrook, a south west London brook, now underground for its entire length, has been throughout replaced by surface water drains diverting water away; its course forming a very slight depression is used from its source for a conveniently cheap, Victorian, anti-environmental solution &mdash; a combined sewer &mdash; to the Southern Low Level Sewer in the London sewerage system. The source of the Falconbrook is Streatham Hill, with an additional source to the west at Furzedown south of Tooting Bec Common. From its source the Falconbrook flowed west through Balham, then turned north one residential block before Wandsworth Common as it was joined by the Tooting Bec and continues to carve a ravine which is formed by St Johns Road and Northcote Road in Battersea Rise. Springs feeding the first drain underneath the foundations of a row of shops (nos 2–36 Streatham High Road, the A23 road). During their construction, extra access space was built below the basement floors to accommodate the springs when in full spate. The brook flowed (and now sewer flows) along Drewstead Road, past Woodfield Avenue, passed through the north of Tooting Bec Common, north down Cavendish Road (passing Weir Road), west along the approximate line of Kenilford Road, along Oldridge Road, turned north by Holy Ghost School, west of Rusham and Montholme Road and along Northcote Road, 8-11m AOD. After St Johns Road it flowed along Falcon Road, Battersea just before its end turned west emptying in the River Thames west of Lombard Road and north of the London Heliport.</p><br>
<h2>Use of the name in local places</h2><br>
<p>Its immediate area reflects its existence in the naming of some features: Falcon Park, Falcon Road, "The Falcons" housing estate, the Falcon pub, and the Falconbrook Primary school.</p><br>
<h2>Soil</h2><br>
<p>Falconbrook&#39;s catchment basin, unlike longer tributaries such as the Lea and Wandle is entirely based on impermeable to semi-impermeable London Clay, starting north of areas with remaining Lambeth Group and North Downs topsoil.</p><br>
<h2>Flooding</h2><br>
<p>Ponding of the "Falcon Brook" has been recorded as early as 1745. An entirely London Clay catchment basin and flatter lower course through Battersea was, before urbanization, a major factor contributing to the stream&#39;s overflow. Now separate surface water and sewerage systems are in place and are sufficient to drain many parks, roofs and roads in an attempt to intercept the sewerage system before polluting the Tideway — a further interceptor pipe the Thames Tideway Scheme is expected to be completed by 2023 to avoid overflow.</p><br>
<p>Thames Water carried out work at the end of 2006 to resolve the flooding of the Falconbrook sewer in the north of Balham, involving a series of road closures.</p><br>
<p>In July 2007, demonstrating response to rainfall due to a combined sewer function, the Falconbrook sewer burst out of the pavement in several places and flooded Falcon Road by Clapham Junction, during the 2007 floods since 2007 five incidents have been recorded of flooding in the Critical Drainage Area 7_21 that covers that area.</p><br>
<p>The Buffalo History Museum  is located at 1 Museum Court  in Buffalo, New York, just east of Elmwood Avenue and off of Nottingham Terrace, north of the Scajaquada Expressway, in the northwest corner of Delaware Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building that houses the Buffalo History Museum was constructed in 1901 as the New York State pavilion for that year&#39;s Pan American Exposition, and is the sole surviving permanent structure from the exposition. As planned, the Buffalo Historical Society moved into the building after the exposition.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Buffalo architect George Cary (1859–1945), its south portico is meant to evoke the Parthenon in Athens. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1862, the Buffalo Historical Societys first president was Millard Fillmore. Its exhibits, programs, and events are attended by schoolchildren, families, and students. It has hosted observances of Lincolns Birthday for over a century.</p><br>
<p>From 1879 to 1947, the Society published pioneering scholarship on the people, events, and history of the Niagara Frontier. Many of those volumes are now online in full text.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the Buffalo Historical Society changed its name to the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, and on October 25, 2012, the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society announced it was rebranding itself as The Buffalo History Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>All three floors of the building offer exhibits, including the Rotary Gallery (featuring elaborate model trains), the Pioneer Gallery, the Erie County Room, the State Court, the Community Gallery, Native American Gallery, Neighbors, and Bflo Made. A recreation of Tim Russerts office opened in October 2014 after having been installed at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. On view by appointment in the Museums Resource Center on Forest Avenue is the gun used by Leon F. Czolgosz to shoot President William McKinley at the Exposition&#39;s Temple of Music on September 6, 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Research Library</h2><br>
<p>Of particular interest to historians, genealogists, researchers, and house history buffs are the collections of the Research Library. Notable collections include:</p><br>
<p>The Millard Fillmore Papers</p><br>
<p>The Peter Buell Porter Papers</p><br>
<p>The Mary Burnett Talbert papers</p><br>
<p>The Larkin Company records and memorabilia</p><br>
<p>The Pan American Exposition collection</p><br>
<p>Additional resources include:</p><br>
<p>100,000 artifacts</p><br>
<p>20,000 books</p><br>
<p>200,000 photographs</p><br>
<p>50,000 plans</p><br>
<p>Drawings</p><br>
<p>Maps</p><br>
<p>Posters</p><br>
<p>Prints</p><br>
<p>Broadsides</p><br>
<p>6,500 microfilms of newspapers</p><br>
<p>Church records</p><br>
<p>Cemetery records</p><br>
<p>Censuses</p><br>
<p>Pamphlets</p><br>
<p>Clippings</p><br>
<p>In addition there is similar ephemera that documents the people, places, architecture, organizations, businesses, and events in the Buffalo and Niagara frontier region. A number of detailed bibliographies on popular topics are online at WorldCat.</p><br>
<p>FRANK, the library&#39;s growing catalog of 25,000 books and manuscripts, is freely searchable online.</p><br>
<h3>Same-sex wedding memorabilia</h3><br>
<p>In 2011, after the passage of equal marriage in the State of New York, the Research Library became the first known library in the United States to collect wedding memorabilia from legally wed same-sex couples.</p><br>
<h2>Amateis pediment</h2><br>
<p>The left, center, and right sections of the pediment atop the Museum, designed by Edmond Amateis and includes clothed, semi-nude and nude figures.</p><br>
<p>Cleeves Cove or Blair Cove is a solutional cave system on the Dusk Water in North Ayrshire, Scotland, close to the town of Dalry.</p><br>
<h2>Cave system</h2><br>
<p>The Cleeves, or Cleaves Cove (Scots) cave system is situated in the lower beds of Carboniferous limestone. It has a total passage length of around 500 ft. The caves are now well above the level of the Dusk Water and lie close to Cleeves Farm and Blair Mill on the Blair Estate. Many of the stalactites and stalagmites have been damaged by visitors. The cave has three practical entrances facing onto the Dusk Water.</p><br>
<p>A number of older books refer to the romantic sylvan dell of Auchenskeigh, now Auchenskeith, derived from Achadh-na-sgitheach - the field of thorns. The calcareous incrustations in these caves were compared with Gothic fretwork. A number of old limestone quarries lie close to the modern day farm of Auchenskeith, but it is likely that Auchenskeigh is a synonym for Cleeves Cove.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The word cove in Scots means cave. John Smith published a monograph entitled Cleaves Cove Stalactites and Stalagmites, published by Mr. Elliot Stock in which he provided drawings and a detailed description of these structures within the cave system, many of which have been destroyed. The site was previously known as the Elfhouse or Elfhame the locals at that time believed that these magical creatures had made this their abode. Ness calls the site Glen O&#39;Dusk or the Elf-hame, the caves being the Elf-house.</p><br>
<p>The cave system was formed in Dusk Glen when the waters of the Dusk (Gaelic for black water) ran through and eroded the limestone, followed by a period when it was relatively dry allowing the stalactites and stalagmites to form and finally a progressive infilling with soil washed in from above, resulting in a partial infilling of the caves and passageways; at this point John Smith obtained permission from Captain Blair, R.N., of Blair House to explore and ultimately remove some 300 tons of material. The cave now lies 40 ft above the Dusk Water due to the excavation of the gorge by the river. Near the middle is a spacious chamber, 35 ft long by 27 ft broad and 12 ft high. The internal surfaces of the chambers and passageways are covered with calcareous incrustations and numerous crevices branch off in all directions. It was regarded in Victorian times as one of the greatest natural curiosities in Ayrshire.</p><br>
<p>The fictional Dr Duguid refers to "Smiths Room" in the caves, although he did not know if Smith was a hermit, smuggler or covenanter. The name is a coincidence as the recollections are before John Smiths time.</p><br>
<h3>Excavations</h3><br>
<p>Smith started in January 1883, working at night, with six volunteers, removing and sifting through 300 tons of deposits over a period of six months. He organised a trip on the Clyde as a reward to his helpers. He recorded his work in several journals and books, producing a map and giving names to some of the features and entrances.</p><br>
<p>During his excavations John Smith unearthed a number of man-made objects such as a flint knife, spindle-whorl, bone spoon, bronze finger-rings, bone spoon, a stag&#39;s horn handle, spear heads, parts of a bridle, an iron battle-axe and a cut-glass emerald. Various bones were found, including those of beaver, sheep, hare, rabbit, cat, rat, dog, weasel, pheasant, partridge, duck, goat, ox, pig and goose. The seeds of fourteen species of plants were found, but none were from edible cereals.</p><br>
<h3>Human and animal occupants</h3><br>
<p>Charcoal deposits were found, suggesting that fires had been lit within. The evidence suggests that the caves were used at some point by humans for either temporary shelter, refuge at times of crisis or both. Dobie records that the cave system was used as a refuge for the local Covenanters during the times of their persecution by the government of Charles II (1630–85) and Paterson confirms this, indicating that the Statistical Account of Ayrshire, written by the local ministers, was his source. Cummell records that the Covenanters held Conventicles in the glen.</p><br>
<p>The cave system has unsurprisingly been the haunt of foxes, bats, cave spiders, moths, and other animals.</p><br>
<h3>Elfhame</h3><br>
<p>Robin Cummell records that the caves were the "Elfhame o&#39;the Blair", and that at Halloween they would come riding out of the caves on horses that were the size of mice, their long yellow hair straming or tied in knots with crimps of gold. Their quaichs were acorn cups and they drank wine beneath the toadstools. Their cloths were green velvet and their arrows were made of moss-reed tipped with flint arrow heads that were dipped in hemlock poison. The bows were made from the rib bones of unbaptised babies who had been secretly buried in the shaws and glens.</p><br>
<h3>Cholera pit</h3><br>
<p>The burial at Cleeves Cove is located within a low stone wall close to the Dusk water, and is said to be that of a member of the family who lived at Cleeves Farm. Tradition has it that "A prediction was uttered many long ages ago, that Cleaves (sic), on three successive occasions, would be the first place in the parish visited by the pestilence. The cholera of 1832 was called the fulfillment of the second visitation: accordingly, many of the older inhabitants talk of one still being in reserve." It is said locally that a group of trees mark one of the cholera pits.</p><br>
<h2>Views of the cave complex</h2><br>
<h2>Auchenskeith Quarry</h2><br>
<p>A mineral line ran to this old limestone quarry and its associated limekilns in the mid 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Covenanters Caves</h2><br>
<p>Several other caves are found in Ayrshire and elsewhere in Scotland that are associated with the Covenanters and the Killing Times of the 17th century, these include Dunton Cove near Airtnoch Farm and Peden&#39;s Cave on the River Lugar near Ochiltree.</p><br>
<p>Fort Totten State Historic Site is a historic site in Fort Totten, North Dakota.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established on July 17, 1867, the fort was first built to watch over the surrounding Indian Reservation after a group of the Dakota tribe moved to the area after 1867. The soldiers were stationed to enforce the peace and guard transportation routes. The Fort was also the gathering point for an expedition to survey the border between the United States and British Canada in the 1870s. The fort was decommissioned in 1890. It was then turned over to the Bureau of Indian Affairs where until 1959 it was used as a Native American boarding school. Fort Totten became a North Dakota State Historic Site in 1960 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>It was named for United States Army Corps of Engineers head Joseph Gilbert Totten, who also has forts named for him in Washington, DC and New York.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Visitors can access an interpretive center, take a walking tour of 16 original buildings, visit the Pioneer Daughter&#39;s Museum, take in a show at the Fort Totten Little Theatre, and stay at the Totten Trail Historic Inn bed and breakfast. School children often attend the "Fort Totten Living History Field Day" in September.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Barnes, Jeff. Forts of the Northern Plains: Guide to Historic Military Posts of the Plains Indian Wars. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Rawl-Couch House is located in Batesburg-Leesville, South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>This two-story, asymmetrical frame dwelling is the areas most distinctive Queen Anne residence. The house was originally constructed in 1893 as a Methodist school, then enlarged and remodeled in its present style in 1908 by John Jacob Rawl, using modified George F. Barber plans to include the one room school house as the new dining room. The house has a one story wraparound porch, supported by turned posts, with an elaborate arched spindle frieze and turned balusters. A three story shingle clad turret, with a conical roof rises at the left side of the facade; it is a balanced by a gabled pavilion on the right, with an intricately sawn bargeboard. A second floor balcony between the turret and the pavilion has a spindle frieze, repeating that of the main porch. The foundation of the house is brick; the roof is original sheet metal shingles. Two corbeled chimneys pierce the central blocks steep hip roof. A multi-paned transom and side lights frame the front door.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Jacob Rawl and his son David built the house for his widowed daughter-in-law, Mrs. Annie Rawl, who had been married to his son, Ed. Ed Rawl died in an accident at one of his father&#39;s planing/lumber factories in Florida. In the 1930s, the house was purchased by D.E. Couch as a family home. It was renovated and updated during the 1980s, and in 1984 the home was entered into the National Register of Historic Places, along with most of the downtown and several other notable homes in the immediate area.</p><br>
<p>The Sinnissippi Mounds are a Havana Hopewell culture burial mound grouping located in the city of Sterling, Illinois, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mounds are a product of the Hopewell tradition which flourished in the Sterling area around 2,000 years ago. At that time, the area was at the center of a vast trade network that stretched up and down the Mississippi River. Mounds such as the Sinnissippi are common throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Modern Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The first European settler in Sterling, Hezekiah Brink, noted the mounds when he arrived in 1834. Among some of the other early European settlers were a group of men who were interested in starting a Science Club. The Sterling Scientific Club, in existence as early as the 1870s, made one of their goals the investigation of the burial mounds near the Rock River.</p><br>
<p>W. C. Holbrook investigated the mounds in 1877 and published a lengthy written account in History of Whiteside County, Illinois, published 1877. One year later, another written account of a mound investigation appeared in The Sterling Daily Gazette. After the 1870s, the burial mounds were looted and most of the archaeologically significant material removed.</p><br>
<h2>Sinnissippi Site</h2><br>
<p>The Sinnissippi Mounds are part of the Sterling Park Districts largest park, Sinnissippi Park. The park was acquired in parcels beginning in 1934 The area of the park where the mounds are found, on a bluff overlooking the Rock River, was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1979 as the Sinnissippi Site. It is listed as one of the National Registers "address restricted" sites, despite its public nature.</p><br>
<p>Garendon Hall is a former country home, near Shepshed, Leicestershire, England.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of Garendon Hall was formerly occupied by a Cistercian abbey, known as Garendon Abbey. The abbey was founded in 1133 and dissolved by King Henry VIII in 1536.</p><br>
<p>Henry sold the abbey to Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland, for £2,356 5s 10d. The earl then constructed a house on the Abbey site, known as Garendon House. The house was owned by the Earls of Rutland until 1632, when it was given as part of a dowry for the marriage of Lady Katherine Manners (daughter of the 6th Earl of Rutland) and George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. In 1640 the estate was valued at £5,648 and was reported to contain 13,350 trees.</p><br>
<p>In 1684 the 2nd Duke of Buckingham sold the house to Sir Ambrose Phillipps (a successful lawyer) for £28,000. Sir Ambrose and his son William did little to the house; his grandson, another Ambrose Phillipps, an accomplished gentleman architect inspired by his Grand Tour of France and Italy, started to change the house and the former abbey estate. Beginning in 1734, Ambrose landscaped the surrounding parkland and built to his own designs, several Palladian follies, which still exist. Ambrose later began to redesign, extend and rebuild Garendon House in the Palladian style, developing it into what would be known as Garendon Hall. However, the work remained unfinished in 1737 when Ambrose died childless; it was completed by his brother Samuel, who inherited the estate (but who also died childless). In 1745 John Sanderson, a joiner and carpenter of London who was currently engaged in remodeling Okeover Hall to his own designs, was also working at Garendon Hall.</p><br>
<p>The new Garendon Hall was built in the Palladian style: it was eleven bays wide with a central portico topped with a triangular pediment.</p><br>
<p>Following Samuel Phillipps death, the hall was inherited by a cousin; eventually passing to Ambrose Charles Lisle March Phillipps De Lisle. Ambrose was a fan of Gothic architecture and planned to demolish the hall; commissioning Augustus Pugin (famous for his work on the Houses of Parliament) to design a replacement. Ambroses finances were in decline, however, and the work could not be undertaken. Ambrose instead decided to adapt the existing hall, adding a large Gothic mansard roof to the top of the classical styled hall. The attempt to mix Gothic and Palladian styles was unsuccessful, and Nikolaus Pevsner described the hall as looking “really rather horrible”.</p><br>
<p>Following Ambrose&#39;s death, the family were left with a difficult financial situation and needed to tighten its belt. In 1885 they moved out of Garendon and into Grace Dieu Manor. A return to fortune allowed the family to return to Garendon once more in 1907.</p><br>
<p>The family were forced out of the house during the Second World War, when it was used, and heavily damaged, by the army. The ever-increasing cost of running and maintaining the building, the families failing finances and crippling inheritance taxes, coupled with threats to the house&#39;s parkland from the urban sprawl of Loughborough and the construction of the M1 motorway (which cut directly through the park) it was decided the house was to be demolished. This happened in June 1964, when the house was first deliberately set on fire to provide practice and training for the local fire brigade. The house was reduced to rubble, which was then used in the construction of the nearby M1 motorway.</p><br>
<p>In 1964 the family returned for a final time to Grace Dieu Manor, but sold that house within a decade (Grace Dieu Manor then became a Catholic school). In 1972 the family moved to Quenby Hall, but following the collapse of the family cheese-making business, the family has been forced to offer the hall for sale (it has been for sale since 2012).</p><br>
<p>Maly Taymyr Island  is an island in the Laptev Sea, Russian Arctic.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is located off the southeastern end of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and northeast of the Taymyr Peninsula and has a smaller island, Starokadomsky Island, close by on its northwestern side.</p><br>
<p>The area of Maly Taymyr Island is 232 km² and its location is 78&deg;7&prime;N latitude, 107&deg;15&prime;E longitude.</p><br>
<p>The Vilkitsky Strait runs south of Maly Taymyr Island and its waters, as well as the waters surrounding the two islands, are covered with pack ice during the long and bitter winters. There are many ice floes even in the short summer, between June and September.</p><br>
<p>Maly Taymyr Island belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve – the largest nature reserve of Russia and one of the biggest in the world.</p><br>
<p>On the northern shores of Maly Taymyr there is a small island named Ostrov Oktyabrenok.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was discovered by Boris Vilkitsky during the Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition in 1913 and was named Tsarevich Alexei Island (Остров Цесаревича Алексея), after Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, the son of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Following the 1917 October Revolution the island was renamed "Maly Taymyr". In 2005 a request was forwarded to the local government in Krasnoyarsk Krai in order to reinstate its former name to the island.</p><br>
<p>Cassels Lake  is a lake located within the Municipality of Temagami, in the Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. It contains numerous portages, campsites and is one of three lakes on the eastern edge of the White Bear Forest.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s a log dam was constructed at the narrows connecting Cassels Lake and Rabbit Lake to float logs from the surrounding area out to the Ottawa River. The water level in numerous lakes close to Temagami was increased numerous feet. The Gillies Bros. logging company then cut the trees from the land and the flooded forest area leaving behind the snags and stumps seen in the water. The old growth white pine and red pine immediately south of the mill was never cut and remains today as the 400-year-old White Bear Forest. According to local folklore, this stand wasnt cut because the wife of the mill manager wanted to look out of her home on the majestic pine forest, and so forbid him from cutting there.</p><br>
<p>The White Bear Forest on the south side of the lake, opposite the former mill, is now a conservation reserve. The reserve has a system of hiking trails, which provide visitors with a great opportunity to experience the old growth pine forest.</p><br>
<p>The Indiana World War Memorial Plaza is an urban feature located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, originally built to honor the veterans of World War I. The five-city-block plaza was conceived in 1919 as a location for the national headquarters of the American Legion and a memorial to the states and nations veterans. At the north end of the plaza is the American Legion Mall, which is the site of the administration buildings of the Legion, as well as a memorial cenotaph. South of that is the Veterans Memorial Plaza with its obelisk.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the plaza is the Indiana World War Memorial, modeled after the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. Within is a military museum, the Shrine Room, and an auditorium. At the south end is University Park, the oldest part of the plaza, filled with statues and a fountain. On October 11, 1994, the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza was designated a National Historic Landmark District. The list was enlarged (and renamed) in 2016, to include in its scope the Soldiers and Sailors Monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origins of the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza lay in a 1919 attempt by the city of Indianapolis to lure the newly formed American Legion from its temporary headquarters in New York City. The American Legion, chartered by Congress in 1919 after World War I, is an organization of veterans that sponsors youth programs, promotes patriotism and national security, and provides commitment to Americans who have served in the armed forces. Three Indianapolis veterans wanted to attract the Legion to the city, which already had the Soldiers and Sailors Monument. At an American Legion national convention in Minneapolis during November 1919, cities sent representatives to lobby to become the new headquarters. Indianapolis drew support because of its central location within the United States and the city&#39;s shows of patriotism. Although Washington, D.C. received the most votes on the first ballot, Indianapolis gained a majority and won the second with 361 votes out of 684 cast.</p><br>
<p>The city and state then had to provide a location, and one of the promises the city made was to erect a fitting memorial to those who served in World War I. Thus, in January 1920 a public library, St. Clair Park, University Park, and two occupied city blocks were designated as the site for the plaza, with one new building for the American Legion to use as their national headquarters, various public buildings, and a war memorial. The Indiana War Memorial Bill was passed in July 1920 and appropriated $2 million for construction and land. The Plaza was dedicated by the Legion in November 1921 with the laying of a cornerstone from the bridge over the River Marne at Château-Thierry.</p><br>
<p>Various architects were invited by an appointed War Memorial Board to submit designs for a memorial intended to honor all who fought in World War I and also to provide meeting places, archives, and offices for the American Legion. The partnership of Walker and Weeks of Cleveland, Ohio was chosen in 1923. Their plan consisted of a main memorial and two auxiliary buildings, an obelisk, a mall, and a cenotaph. Bids for the American Legion building, one of the two auxiliary buildings, were put out in 1925 and construction by the Craig-Curtiss Company began the same year. In style the structure complimented the nearby local library. The second auxiliary building was not constructed until 1950. When Congress authorized the payment of World War I veterans&#39; bonuses in 1936, the state of Indiana used the money for construction of the memorial plaza, rather than paying it to the veterans. The Neoclassical design incorporated the existing library, federal building, and University Park. One additional building was planned but never built.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial and the parks in the plaza are an example of the City Beautiful movement, which supported classical, uniform, and beautiful public architecture. The plaza covers a five-block strip north of Monument Circle between St. Clair, Pennsylvania, New York, and Meridian Streets. In 1989, the plaza was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it was named a National Historic Landmark District in 1994. The Historic District includes the plaza as well as the Indianapolis Public Library, immediately north of the plaza, and the Birch Bayh Federal Building & USA Courthouse, immediately south. The Scottish Rite Cathedral is across the street on the west side of the plaza, and the Minton-Capehart Federal Building is across the street on the east side.</p><br>
<p>The Indiana World War Memorial Plaza is a popular location for celebrations, including the Fourth of July festival, Veterans Day, and Memorial Day services. Salesforce Tower, located three blocks directly south of the Memorial building, has a roof with a design similar to the Memorial&#39;s.</p><br>
<h2>American Legion Mall</h2><br>
<p>The two auxiliary buildings on the plaza are used by the American Legion. Both buildings were constructed from Indiana limestone in neoclassical style, similar to the public library just to the north. The east building at Meridian and St. Clair, designated building B on the original plan, houses the Indiana Department of the American Legion, the American Legion Auxiliary, and the National Forty and Eight. The four-story building served as the national headquarters until the second building was completed.</p><br>
<p>The larger west building at Pennsylvania and St. Clair, building C, serves as the Legion&#39;s national headquarters. The headquarters deals with the mail, archives, and other internal administrative functions of the Legion; the lobbying efforts of the Legion are based in its Washington, D.C. office. Its two wings each mirror building B and are joined by a recessed central entrance.</p><br>
<p>Three semi-circular granite memorials list the names of the Hoosiers killed in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<h3>Cenotaph Square</h3><br>
<p>Cenotaph Square is located between the two auxiliary buildings used by the American Legion. It is in a sunken garden with the rectangular black granite cenotaph centered in it resting upon a base of red and dark green granite. Four shafts of black granite, with gold eagles surmounted on them, mark the corners of the square. The inscription on the north face of the cenotaph memorializes James Bethel Gresham, a Hoosier who was the first member of the American Expeditionary Force to be killed in action in World War I. A native of Evansville, he was a corporal in the 16th Infantry Regiment and was killed at Bathelemont, France on November 3, 1917. The inscription on the south side says "A tribute by Indiana to the hallowed memory of the glorious dead who served in the World War."</p><br>
<h2>Veterans Memorial Plaza</h2><br>
<p>The Veterans Memorial Plaza, also called Obelisk Square, has an obelisk and fountain and is located on the plaza south of the Mall. Near the base of the obelisk are 4 ft-by-8 ft panels placed in 1929 representing law, science, religion, and education intended to represent the fundamentals of the nation. The obelisk rises from a 100 ft, two-level fountain made of pink Georgia marble and terrazzo. They were replaced with the flags of countries of the Americas during the 1987 Pan American Games. The square was originally paved with asphalt, but it was landscaped with grass and trees in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>The War Memorial</h2><br>
<p>Architects Walker and Weeks planned the Indiana World War Memorial Building as the plaza&#39;s centerpiece, sitting between the federal building and the public library. Work on the actual memorial to the veterans of World War I began in early 1926. Five of the seven buildings located on the site had to be demolished before the construction commenced; the other two, Second Presbyterian Church and First Baptist Church, were not demolished until 1960. General John Pershing laid the cornerstone of the memorial on July 4, 1927, saying he was "consecrating the edifice as a patriotic shrine". Funding problems in 1928 slowed the building of the interior. Even a new contractor in 1931 and $195,000 provided by the Public Works Administration in 1936 did little to speed the process of completing the structure. Although its interior was incomplete, it was dedicated on November 11, 1933 (Veterans Day) by Governor Paul McNutt and Lt. Gen. Hugh Drum, Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army. In 1949 a local newspaper reported that the memorial was already deteriorating, its limestone scaling, paint peeling, leaks forming, and plaster cracking; further reports were published in 1961. Despite proposals to develop the area instead of completing it as originally planned, the memorial and surrounding landscaping were finally completed in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The memorial&#39;s design is based upon the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. At 210 ft tall it is approximately 75 ft taller than the original Mausoleum. The blue lights which shine between columns on the side of the War Memorial make the monument easily recognizable. It is the most imposing neoclassical structure in Indianapolis due to its scale and size.</p><br>
<p>The cubical structure is clad in unrelieved ashlar Indiana limestone on a high, lightly rusticated base, and is topped with a low pyramidal roof that sheathes its interior dome. It stands on a raised terrace approached by a wide monumental staircase. The structure has four identical faces. On each face an Ionic screen of six columns, behind which are tall banks of windows, and is surmounted by symbolic standing figures designed by Henry Hering: Courage, Memory, Peace, Victory, Liberty, and Patriotism. The sculptures are repeated on each façade. On the south side, standing on a pink granite base in the center of the grand access stairs, is Hering&#39;s colossal exultant male nude bronze Pro Patria (1929); it is 24 ft high, weighs seven tons, and was the largest cast bronze sculpture in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The north and south entrances are guarded by shield-bearing limestone lions, and on each corner of the terrace sits an urn. The pyramidal roof is stepped and has a lantern on top. Above the tall bronze doors on each side is the inscription "To vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the world." On the north side is the building&#39;s main inscription:</p><br>
<h3>Indiana World War Memorial Military Museum</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance of the Indiana War Memorial Museum is on the north façade, which opens into a large hall with Tennessee marble floors and Art Deco Egyptian themes. The museum is housed mainly on the lower level of the monument and honors the efforts of Hoosier soldiers in a timeline from the American Revolutionary War to modern conflicts. World War I and World War II are featured most prominently. Aside from firearms, it features a Cobra helicopter, and the s commission plate. There are over 400 military flags housed in the museum, more than 300 of which are from the American Civil War. Indianas Liberty Bell replica is located near the main entrance. It is of the kind given to each state by the federal government in 1950 to encourage the purchase of savings bonds.</p><br>
<p>Additional museum exhibits are displayed on the main level of the monument. An exhibit replicating the radio room of the includes original equipment from World War II was opened on November 7, 2009. The Grand Foyer main level features the 500-seat Pershing Auditorium, built and decorated with materials donated from several states and World War I allies. The memorial also has three meeting rooms on the main level; these rooms were originally named in honor of General George Patton, General Douglas MacArthur, and Admiral Chester Nimitz. In 2009, the rooms were renamed in honor of Hoosier veterans: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, General David M. Shoup, and Major Samuel Woodfill.</p><br>
<p>Above the main level is the Shrine Room, nearly a vertical double cube, 110 ft high and 60 ft on a side, clad in materials collected from all the allied nations of World War I. Accessed by two staircases from the Grand Foyer, the Shrine Room Stairway&#39;s American Pavonazzo marble walls bear the names of all Hoosiers who fought in World War I. On the east and west sides are paintings by Walter Brough of the leading soldiers of France,</p><br>
<p>America, Great Britain, Belgium, Italy, and Serbia. Surrounding the room are sculptor Frank Jirouch&#39;s marble frieze depicting events of World War I. At the center of the space, beneath a giant hanging 17 ft-by-30 ft American flag, is the Altar of Consecration, flanked at the corners with cauldrons on tripod stands. Above the flag is the Star of Destiny, made of Swedish crystal, representing the future of the nation.</p><br>
<h2>University Park</h2><br>
<p>University Park occupies the southernmost block of the plaza. It was originally intended to serve as the site of a state university, but this never occurred. Instead, it was the site of churches, a high school, and a training ground for Union soldiers during the American Civil War. In 1876 it was transformed into a city park. Surrounding the square are statues of prominent Hoosiers. Benjamin Harrisons statue is on the south side, designed by Henry Bacon and Charles Niehaus; seated Abraham Lincoln is in the southeast corner, designed by Henry Hering in 1934; and Schuyler Colfax is on the east side, designed by Lorado Taft in 1887. There are also sculptures of Pan and the nymph Syrinx designed by Myra Reynolds Richards in 1923. University Park was redesigned in 1914 by George Kessler for the park and boulevard system he had developed for Indianapolis, which included a fountain at the center. Street lamps on the walkways have acorn globes and fluted shafts, and two of them decorated with lions heads stand on the backs of metal turtles.</p><br>
<h3>Depew Memorial Fountain</h3><br>
<p>The Depew Memorial Fountain is a free standing fountain completed in 1919. It is composed of multiple bronze figures arranged on a five-tier granite stone base with three basins. The bronze sculptures depict fish, eight children dancing, and a woman on the topmost tier dancing and playing cymbals. The dimensions are approximately 25 x 45 x 45 ft.</p><br>
<p>The fountain was commissioned in memory of Dr. Richard J. Depew by his wife, Emma Ely, following Dr. Depews death in 1887. When Mrs. Depew died in 1913, she had bequeathed $50,000 from her estate to the city of Indianapolis for the erection of a fountain in memory of her husband "in some park or public place where all classes of people may enjoy it." The original design was created by Karl Bitter, who was killed in a traffic accident in 1915 before the work could be finished. Following Bitters overall design, Alexander Stirling Calder created the bronze figures and the fountain. Architect Henry Bacon designed the fountain&#39;s setting.</p><br>
<p>A memorial plaque on south side of the large granite basin reads "Depew Memorial Fountain. A gift to Indianapolis from Emma Ely Depew in memory of her husband Richard Johnson Depew M.D. whose long and honorable life was spent in untiring service to his fellow men."</p><br>
<p>The Pentagon Barracks is a complex of buildings located at State Capitol Drive at River Road in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the grounds of the state capitol. The site was used by the Spanish, French, British, Confederate States Army, and United States Army and was part of the short-lived Republic of West Florida. During its use as a military post the site has been visited by such notable figures as Lafayette, Robert E. Lee, George Custer, Jefferson Davis, and Abraham Lincoln.</p><br>
<h2>French, British and Spanish fort</h2><br>
<p>Pierre Le Moyne d&#39;Iberville visited the area circa 1700. France retained Baton Rouge until the British took control of the city in 1763.</p><br>
<p>In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, the British erected a dirt Fort New Richmond on the banks of the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez, Spanish Governor of Louisiana, arrived at Baton Rouge on 20 September 1779 and found three hundred British troops garrisoning Fort New Richmond. In the Battle of Baton Rouge (1779), engineers under Spanish Governor Gálvez quickly constructed a siege line, enabling the Spanish troops to shell Fort Richmond; the British surrendered the next day. The Spanish garrisoned the fortification and renamed it Fort San Carlos.</p><br>
<h2>Republic of West Florida</h2><br>
<p>American and remaining British settlers in Louisiana resisted Spanish control and rebelled in 1810 to establish the Republic of West Florida. They flew their Bonnie Blue Flag over Fort San Carlos throughout the republic&#39;s short three-month life. The Republic surrendered the city of Baton Rouge to United States authorities on December 10, 1810.</p><br>
<h2>U. S. Military Post at Baton Rouge</h2><br>
<p>American forces renamed the fort Post at Baton Rouge. The Post at Baton Rouge served as the assembly point for American troops going to the Creek War in 1813-14 and to the Battle of New Orleans in 1814-15. The Army built the Baton Rouge Barracks just north of the Post at Baton Rouge and demolished it in 1819.</p><br>
<p>United States Army Captain James Gadsden designed the Baton Rouge Barracks and took charge of their construction from 1819 to 1825. The soldiers completed four two-story brick buildings, forming four sides of a regular pentagon, by 1825, hence the nickname "Pentagon Barracks." They also built a commissary-warehouse building, forming the fifth side of the pentagon, in 1821, but tore down this defective building within a few months due to poor construction. The Pentagon Barracks could house one thousand troops.</p><br>
<p>The Army in 1825 established a large adjacent Baton Rouge Arsenal and Ordnance Depot to serve the then-Southwestern United States.</p><br>
<h2>American Civil War</h2><br>
<p>The United States Army occupied the Baton Rouge Barracks and Arsenal until January 1861, when the State of Louisiana seized the post and turned the operation of the arsenal over to the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy held Baton Rouge until its evacuation during the capture of New Orleans in April 1862. Union troops took back and reoccupied the Baton Rouge complex in May of 1862.</p><br>
<p>The Confederates attempted unsuccessfully to retake Baton Rouge in the Battle of Baton Rouge (1862). Union authorities renamed the Barracks and Arsenal as Fort Williams after Union General Thomas Williams, who was killed in the battle. Union soldiers built earthworks to protect the complex, incorporating an old Indian mound into the defenses.</p><br>
<h2>Louisiana State University</h2><br>
<p>In 1884, the General Assembly of Louisiana passed a resolution allocating the full usage of the buildings and grounds of the Pentagon Barracks to Louisiana State University. The University gained full possession of the grounds in 1886 and the buildings were used as dormitories for the students. The grounds were used by LSU until the university moved to its current location in 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>In 1951, ownership of the Barracks was transferred to the State of Louisiana and in 1976, it was placed on the National Historic Register. The Pentagon Barracks now houses the offices of the lieutenant governor and private apartments for state legislators.</p><br>
<p>Col de Marie-Blanque  is a mountain pass in the western Pyrenees in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques in France. The pass is situated south-east of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and connects the valleys of the Aspe and the Ossau rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climb</h2><br>
<p>The western side of the climb, starts from Escot on the N134. The climb is 9.3 km long at an average gradient of 7.7% (height gain – 715 m). Although relatively short, there are several long sections with gradients in excess of 11%.</p><br>
<p>From Louvie-Juzon (east), the climb is 15.0 km long. Over this distance, it gains 615 m at an average gradient of 4.1%. The climb proper starts at Bielle on the D934 from where it is 11.5 km long, gaining 585 m at an average gradient of 5.1%, with a maximum of 8.5% near the start. En route, the climb passes the Plateau de Bénou.</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The pass was first used in the Tour de France in 1978 and has been crossed 14 times by the tour, including on stage 17 of the 2010 tour from Pau to the Col du Tourmalet.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>Kelloggs Grove is an area in western Stephenson County, Illinois, United States near the present-day unincorporated town of Kent. The grove is considered historically significant because it was the site of two minor skirmishes during the Black Hawk War in 1832. Today, most of the grove is privately owned but 1.5 acre are allocated as a park owned by Stephenson County. While most of the battle occurred on what is today private property the park contains a monument dedicated to the battle and cemetery with the graves of several militia members killed during the skirmish at Kelloggs Grove. The cemetery also holds the graves of those killed in other area battles. The Kellogg&#39;s Grove battle site was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Grove</h2><br>
<p>The area of Kellogg&#39;s Grove is associated with two skirmishes that occurred during the Black Hawk War and encompasses approximately 56 acre located on a ridgeline overlooking the Yellow Creek Valley to its west, north and east, and the Plum River Valley to its south and west. Today, all but 1.5 acre of the grove are privately owned.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kellogg&#39;s Grove, originally known as Burr Oak Grove, was a high point along a Native American trail between Peoria and Prairie du Chien, later the trail was used by fur traders. During the 1820s people began to move from southern Illinois into the lead producing areas in and around Galena, Illinois in the far northwestern corner of the state. New York state native, and brother-in-law to the founder of Dixon, Illinois John W. Dixon, Oliver W. Kellogg was one of the people who helped develop the wagon trail from Galena to Peoria.</p><br>
<p>In 1827 Kellogg settled in the grove and built his log cabin and barn on the site. Kelloggs cabin was often used as a wayside inn by stagecoach travelers along the lead trail and the area along the trail became known as Kelloggs Grove. When the Kelloggs moved south to Buffalo Grove in 1831 the area became known as "Kellogg&#39;s Old Place."</p><br>
<p>Kelloggs Grove was the site of two skirmishes during the Black Hawk War in June 1832. The first skirmish took place on June 15, 1832 and resulted in the deaths of three members of the militia. The second skirmish occurred on June 25 and killed five militia members and at least nine Native Americans. Much of the second battle was fought at the Kellogg log cabin and barn where 25 horses and three militia men were killed. The Native American forces in the battle were under the command of Black Hawk. The militia commanders were, Captain Adam Wilson Snyder during the first battle and a Major John Dement during the second battle. The day after the second battle a company of Illinois militia that included Abraham Lincoln arrived to help bury the dead. Lincoln later made a statement reflecting on that days events that was quoted by Carl Sandburg in his book Abraham Lincoln The Prairie Years. The June 25 battle at Kellogg&#39;s Grove was the last battle or skirmish of the Black Hawk War to be fought in Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>In 1886 Stephenson County obtained the title to a 1.5 acre tract of land within the original Kelloggs Grove area. This area was converted into a park which includes a monument and small cemetery commemorating the Battle of Kelloggs Grove and the Battle of Waddams Grove, another skirmish which occurred near the present-day community of Waddam&#39;s Grove. Blackhawk Battlefield Park is located near the small, unincorporated community of Kent, Illinois. Besides the monument the park includes picnic areas, a shelter, and playground, and in 1981 a log cabin was moved to the site.</p><br>
<p>The monument was erected in 1887 and is constructed from native limestone, on its sides are three marble plaques. The apex of the monument is topped with a pyramid of cannonballs. It is 8 ft square at its base and 3 ft square at its top and stands 34 ft tall. At the foot of the monument is a small cemetery which contains the graves of militia men killed in four separate engagements during the Black Hawk War. The monument and cemetery are enclosed by a 15 by wrought iron fence.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains the graves of Felix St. Vrain, Joseph H. Fowler, William Hale, and Aquila Floyd, all killed during the St. Vrain massacre on May 24, 1832. It also has the graves of those killed in both Battles of Kelloggs Grove, those include: Mecomson, Benjamin Scott and Benjamin McDaniel, killed during the first skirmish and James Black, James B. Bank, Abner Bradford, Marcus Randolph, and Robert Meek, all killed during the second skirmish. Finally, the cemetery contains the graves of three militia men killed during the Battle of Waddams Grove and two militia men killed at other times during the Black Hawk War.</p><br>
<p>Of the men buried at Kellogg&#39;s Grove only the five killed in the second battle at the site were originally buried in the grove. Most of the graves were located at the spots where the militia men fell. During the 1880s area farmers began a movement to collect those remains and bury them at one spot with a fitting monument, which led to the 1887 erection of the current stone monument and cemetery at the site.</p><br>
<p>Roaring Fork Falls, also called Roaring Creek Falls, is a waterfall in the Pisgah National Forest, in North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The falls is located on Roaring Fork, a tributary of the South Toe River, which itself is a tributary of the French Broad River. The creek is located in a forest that&#39;s filled with rhododendron and eastern hemlock. The creek is abundant with freshwater snails.</p><br>
<h2>Height</h2><br>
<p>There are some disputes as to the height of the falls. Kevin Adams&#39; book, North Carolina Waterfalls, lists the height as "about 45 ft (17 m) high". lists the falls as being 100 feet (30.9 m) "long".</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Falls</h2><br>
<p>From the intersection of NC 80 and the Blue Ridge Parkway, go 2.2 miles north on NC 80 and turn left on South Toe River Road. Cross the bridge and turn left. Follow the road 0.2 miles to the gate and parking area. From here, follow the trail (passing concrete bunkers formerly used to store explosives) for 0.61 mi. (1.34 km) to a side trail that will lead to the falls in 300 ft (93 m).</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>Setrock Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Mitchell Falls</p><br>
<p>Douglas Falls</p><br>
<p>Walker Falls</p><br>
<p>Whiteoak Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Crabtree Falls</p><br>
<p>The Saint Paul Municipal Grain Terminal, also known as the head house  and sack house, sits on piers over the Mississippi River in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It was built between 1927 and 1931 as part of the Equity Cooperative Exchange and is a remnant of Saint Paul&#39;s early history as a Mississippi River port city. The Saint Paul Municipal Grain Terminal was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Historical grain terminal</h2><br>
<p>The structure is nationally significant as the first successful grain terminal elevator owned and operated by a farm cooperative in the United States. At one time the facility included 90 grain silos, a small mill, the head house for loading grain onto barges and train cars, and the sack house for sacking milled flour.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Grain Terminal is located at 266 Old Shepard Road, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Renovated and renamed "City House," it is available to rent for meetings, events and gatherings.</p><br>
<p>Once slated for demolition and listed as one of the most endangered historic sites in Minnesota, the municipal grain terminal on the Upper Landing now serves as a unique park pavilion, interpretive center and event venue. It is now called City House, as it was during the height of the farmers’ cooperative movement of the 1920 and 30s.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, plans to redevelop the Upper Landing – a former industrial site – were stalled due to several issues, including the dilapidated state of the grain terminal complex. To resolve this and other key issues, the Riverfront Corporation formed a task force, which included representatives from the Upper Landing’s master developer Centex, the City, the Port Authority and surrounding neighborhoods, plus historians and preservationists. With regard to the grain terminal, the task force acknowledged that the buildings were historically significant and should be saved if possible, but also noted that the site could not be held indefinitely in its deteriorated condition.</p><br>
<p>To gather ideas and garner support for rehabilitating the grain terminal buildings, the Riverfront Corporation created the 2002 WHAZIT! Contest – a design competition that brought in over 200 ideas from across the USA and 13 foreign countries. The Saint Paul City Council asked the City, Riverfront Corporation staff, Centex and the Port Authority to review the entries in order to find the most appropriate and viable ideas.</p><br>
<p>After restaurant plans failed to materialize, the City, Riverfront Corporation and stakeholders worked to develop and finance redevelopment of the site as a park pavilion, trail head, interpretive center and event venue. The Riverfront Corporation wrote a successful request for a $1 million federal TEA-21 grant for building renovation. Additional funding for the project came from State of Minnesota bonding, Saint Paul Housing and Redevelopment Authority, Centex, Minnesota DEED, and Saint Paul Cultural STAR grant. The Riverfront Corporation secured funds from The CHS Foundation, Mississippi River Fund, The McKnight Foundation through Historic Saint Paul, and Saint Paul Cultural STAR to develop historic themes and exhibits for the buildings. Overall building redevelopment and exhibit costs were $3,127,500. The award-winning architectural firm Meyer Sherer Rockcastle served as the architect for the City House project.</p><br>
<p>Based on its national significance in the farmers&#39; cooperative movement and its importance in the history of shipping on the river, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Today, City House is managed by Saint Paul Parks and Recreation and is open from dawn to dusk. Cantilevered out over the Mississippi River, the complex offers expansive views of the river valley and the downtown skyline.</p><br>
<p>Budelli is an island in the Maddalena archipelago, near the strait of Bonifacio in northern Sardinia, Italy. It is part of the La Maddalena National Park.</p><br>
<p>Budelli is located several hundred meters south of the Razzoli and Santa Maria islands. It has a surface of 1.6 km&sup2; and an overall coastal span of 12.3 km. The highest point is Monte Budello, at 87 m.</p><br>
<p>Budelli is considered one of the most beautiful islands in the Mediterranean Sea. It is especially renowned for its Spiaggia Rosa ("Pink Beach"), in the south-eastern part of the island, which owes its typical color to microscopic fragments of corals and shells such as Miriapora truncata and Miniacina miniacea. Budelli is one of four uninhabited islands in the Maddalena archipelago: the others are Caprera, Spargi, and Razzoli.</p><br>
<p>The island was purchased in October 2013 for €2.94 million, after the bankruptcy of the previous owner. The new buyer was a New Zealander, who intended to protect the ecosystem on the island. However, the Italian High Court has passed laws to begin the process to repossess the island which is now managed and protected by the National Park board.</p><br>
<p>Uyedineniya Island  is an island located in the central part of the Kara Sea, roughly midway between Novaya Zemlya and Severnaya Zemlya. Its latitude is 77° 29 N and its longitude 82° 30 E. It is often labelled as Einsamkeit Island  as well as Lonely Island or Solitude Island in English maps.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is barren and icy throughout the winter months, but some tundra vegetation grows on it in the summer. Its length is 18.5 km and its total area is 20 km&sup2;. Compared to other Arctic islands it is flat and low-lying, with some swamps and small lakes and a long spit of land on its NE side. Its highest point is only about 30 m.</p><br>
<p>Owing to its extreme northerly location the weather is bleak and severe and the sea surrounding Uedineniya is covered with pack ice in the winter. Ice floes are commonly found even in the summer.</p><br>
<p>The nearest landmasses are the Izvestiy TSIK Islands, located about 150 km to the SSE, while the distance to mainland Siberia to the SSE some 280 km and to the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya straight west about 340 km.</p><br>
<p>Uyedineniya belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was discovered on 26 August 1878 by Norwegian explorer Captain Edvard Holm Johannesen from Tromsø, named the island Ensomheden—"solitude" in Norwegian—likely due to its isolated location in the Arctic.</p><br>
<p>Soviet polar explorer Professor Vladimir Yulyevich Vize advanced the hypothesis that there was an extensive shallow area and perhaps more undiscovered islands near Uyedinenya. This was based on certain observations made by polar explorers:</p><br>
<p>During his expedition to Franz Josef Land on ice-breaking steamer "Malygin" in 1931, Vize hoped to carry out oceanographic work in the Northern part of the Kara Sea, but his research was cut short by thick sea ice. Later expeditions and satellite pictures demonstrated that there were no other islands in the vicinity of Uedineniya.</p><br>
<p>A cervical vertebra of a plesiosaur (Plesiosaurus latispinus) was discovered on the island during an expedition in the 1930s. It was studied by Soviet paleontologist A. N. Ryabinin.</p><br>
<p>At the time of World War II, there was a small polar observatory on Uyedineniya built by the Soviet government. On September 8, 1942, the German submarine U-251 (Lt. Captain Timm) surfaced close to the island and destroyed the weather station&#39;s small building and its garrison by firing grenades against those targets. This was one of the last actions of the Kriegsmarine under Operation Wunderland.</p><br>
<p>Since May 1993, Uyedineniya has been a part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve in Russia intended to preserve the habitat of the polar bears, pinnipeds (namely, walruses and seals), and the many kinds of birds that live on the island.</p><br>
<p>The polar observatory, which had been rebuilt during the Cold War time, was abandoned in 1996. Presently there is no human habitation in Uyedineniya.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Uyedineniya Island has a harsh Arctic climate, mean temperatures never rise above freezing.</p><br>
<p>First Shearith Israel Graveyard — also known as Chatham Square Cemetery — is a tiny Jewish graveyard at 55-57 St James Place in Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is the oldest of three Manhattan graveyards currently maintained by Congregation Shearith Israel , which is itself the oldest Jewish congregation in North America.  Today, the cemetery is a mere fragment of its original extent. Only about a hundred headstones and above ground tombs can still be seen in what remains of the old burial ground, which rises slightly above street level. It is the only remaining 17th century structure in Manhattan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In a letter in 1776, a staff officer of General George Washington recommended emplacing an artillery battery "at the foot of the Jews&#39; burying ground" to help secure Long Island Sound. American prisoners of war were buried en masse in entrenchments beyond the graveyard. In 1823, a city ordinance prohibited burials south of Canal Street, compelling the congregation to rely on its second burial ground, consecrated in 1805 at West 11th Street in Greenwich Village. (Notwithstanding this, a few more burials took place at Chatham Square up to 1833.) Much of this burden was alleviated in 1829, when Shearith Israel’s third cemetery was consecrated at 21st Street just west of 6th Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Encroaching development and erosion necessitated several instances over the years in which the congregation was forced reduce the size of the Chatham Square Cemetery and disinter bodies, which were moved to their three other graveyards. In 1851, city public health officials prohibited burial south of 86th Street and in partnership with other synagogues, the congregation purchased a large plot of land in Ridgewood, Queens as a fourth cemetery. The most notable of these instances was in 1855, when a large portion of the cemetery was seized by eminent domain. This accommodated expansion of the Bowery — including the cut-through of today’s St. James Place — and some 256 graves were removed.</p><br>
<p>Today, access to the cemetery is by appointment only.</p><br>
<h2>Interees</h2><br>
<p>From 1656 until 1825, all of the practicing Jews of New York City belonged to the Shearith Israel congregation and were buried here, including 22 who fought in the Revolutionary War. Among the notable interees (which may include those whose bodies were later removed) were...</p><br>
<p>Reverend Gershom Mendes Seixas (1745–1816), the first American born Jewish spiritual leader</p><br>
<p>Dr. Walter Jonas Judah, the second Jew known to attend an American medical school (King&#39;s College, now Columbia University) and the first native-born Jew to do so; he died at age 20 of yellow fever</p><br>
<p>The Church Park Historic District is a historic district and part of downtown Goshen, the seat of Orange County, New York, United States. It takes its name from the large triangular park formed at the center of the village by Main Street , Park Place and South Church Street. It is defined as bounded by Green Street on the south, Main Street, Webster Avenue, and then back across Main at Erie Street across the Historic Track to Kelsey Lane, South Church Street, South Street and back to Green. There are 107 buildings and three objects within the district.</p><br>
<p>At the north end of the triangle are First Presbyterian Church, whose distinctive spire dominates the village&#39;s skyline, giving the district its name. It was first designated when added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as bounded by Park, Main and Webster. In 2004 it was expanded to its current boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The village designated the area an Architectural Design District a few years after the district was added to the Register. This provides for review of design elements for any new construction within its boundaries to ensure that they conform to its historic character, which stands as a stark contrast to the brutalist, Paul Rudolph-designed Orange County Government Center to the north of the district. Most of the properties within are either churches, county government buildings or professional offices, with residential uses taking up the side streets. There is some retail along the west side of Main Street near the southwestern corner of the district, where it abuts Goshen&#39;s main downtown shopping district.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The districts 1,020 acres (4 km²) includes three contributing properties that are Registered Historic Places in their own right. Foremost among them is the Historic Track, a National Historic Landmark where harness racing has taken place since 1838, making it the oldest continuously operated horse racing facility in the USA In front of it, on Main Street near the north end of the district, is the Tudor Revival Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame. Facing the church from across Main is the countys 1841 courthouse, a magnificent Greek Revival structure designed by popular local architect Thornton Niven.</p><br>
<p>Just north of the church is Orange County&#39;s 1887 government building, and in the middle of the intersection of Main and Park is a Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson statue commemorating the "Orange Blossoms", a locally raised regiment that fought with distinction in the Civil War. The Goshen United Methodist Church, almost as tall as its neighbor, adjoins the old courthouse.</p><br>
<p>At the corner of Park and South Church, another monument remembers the village&#39;s sacrifice during the Revolutionary War. A granite obelisk marks the mass grave of the local militiamen who died in the disastrous Battle of Minisink. It took 43 years for locals to make the trip to the battle site and retrieve what bones they could.</p><br>
<p>Main Street to the north of the intersection is wide and lined with historic buildings on both sides. They include a house from which President Ulysses S. Grant watched the horse races in 1873 and the early 20th-century school building which now serves as main offices for the Goshen Central School District.</p><br>
<p>Princess Louisa Inlet on the British Columbia Coast is 6 km in length and lies at the north east end of Jervis Inlet. It is entered through Malibu Rapids off Queens Reach past Malibu, a former private resort and now youth camp. A portion of the area makes up Princess Louisa Marine Provincial Park. James Bruce Falls and Chatterbox Falls are on Loquilts Creek, a large stream that enters the head of the inlet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In June 1792 George Vancouver, charting the BC Coast in a search for the Northwest Passage, explored Jervis Inlet to its end and apparently found the entrance to Princess Louisa Inlet but did not enter as the tide was ebbing through Malibu Rapids at the time. In 1860 Captain George Richards surveyed and mapped Jervis and Princess Louisa Inlets naming it and surrounding features. In the same year Commander Richard Charles Mayne explored the valley at the head of the inlet hoping that it would lead to the interior of British Columbia.</p><br>
<p>James F. "Mac" MacDonald purchased the core of the park, 45 acre, in 1919 and donated it to the Princess Louisa International Society in 1953. It was acquired by BC Parks in 1964. Much of the remaining land surrounding the inlet has been acquired and added to the park in following years. Hamilton Island, renamed MacDonald Island, is now a part of the park as well.</p><br>
<p>In 1940 Herman Caspar, who was rumored to have homesteaded at the entrance of the inlet, sold the land to Thomas F. Hamilton for $500. Casper was actually a squatter and had no legal right to the land. Hamilton, an American aviation executive, did buy all the land surrounding Princess Louisa Inlet with the intent on developing it with a series of themed luxury resorts to cater to visiting yachtsmen and Hollywood celebrities. However, only one resort was built at the entrance of the inlet, the Malibu Club which was named after Hamilton&#39;s yacht the Malibu. In 1950, the resort was closed and abandoned due to a polio outbreak and quarantine. The property was later sold to Young Life in 1953 and has successfully operated it as a non-denominational Christian summer camp for teenagers.</p><br>
<h2>Naming of the inlet</h2><br>
<p>The inlet may have been named for Princess Louise, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, whose husband was the Marquess of Lorne, Governor General of Canada. The vice regal couple traveled extensively in Canada. Princess Louise spent three months in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1876 and was popular to the point that when the Governor General announced that the awaited completion of the transcontinental railway would pass through the Selkirk Range at the Kicking Horse Pass into what has since become Vancouver, rather than by the Yellowhead Pass to Bute Inlet and then to Victoria, Premier Robert Beaven asked the Duke whether it would be possible for Vancouver Island to become a separate kingdom with Princess Louise as Queen. The more accepted theory is that the inlet is named for Queen Victoria&#39;s mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who was born Mary Louise Victoria. The actual source of the name is uncertain. Adjacent Prince of Wales Reach was named after Edward VII when he was the Prince of Wales. Princess Royal Reach was named after Empress Frederick of Germany. Five mountains around Queens Reach are named after children of Queen Victoria: Mount Victoria, Mount Alfred, Mount Alice, Mount Arthur and Mount Helena.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The nearest road access to the inlet is about 50 km away at the BC Ferries landing on Highway 101 at Earls Cove, British Columbia. The area is a popular destination for boaters and can also be accessed by float plane from various locations around the Strait of Georgia and water taxi from Earls Cove. Boaters should note that Malibu Rapids is a narrow entrance and at spring tide can have a current of 9 knots.</p><br>
<p>Deetjen&#39;s Big Sur Inn is one of the oldest hotels in Big Sur, a scenic area on the Monterey coast of California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1920s Helmuth Deetjen fled Norway and eventually settled in Big Sur. He soon married Helen Haight, a member of the important California Haight family. Henry Huntly Haight was the 10th Governor of California, and many places in San Francisco were named for this family. The couple moved to Big Sur in the early 1930s; at first they lived in tents, but eventually they built a small house and a big barn.</p><br>
<p>The couple was quite hospitable and enjoyed sheltering and feeding travelers in the days before Highway 1 made travel easier along the Central Coast of California. Eventually, they settled on Helens forty acre property in Castro Canyon, where they proceeded to build small cottages in the Norwegian style and a restaurant known for its excellent food. Over time, the Deetjens came to be known in the area as "Grandpa" and "Grandma".</p><br>
<p>The hotel has been very popular ever since for its rustic charm and beautiful scenery. The building has many historic features, including glass Helmuth made himself in King City and brought over the mountains to Big Sur by mule. Helmuth died in 1972 and all of his holdings in the canyon were placed in a trust to ensure that they were not sold off piecemeal.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Today the property is owned by the Deetjen&#39;s Big Sur Inn Preservation Foundation, and operated on a non-profit basis.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 Big Sur Inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A photographic essay book on its history, called Big Sur Inn: The Deetjen Legacy (Gibbs Smith, ) was released in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Clear Lake is a mountain lake 53 mi southeast of Portland, Oregon, United States in Mount Hood National Forest. It can be seen from flights in the region as a bird-shaped body of water.</p><br>
<p>It is 12 mi south of Mount Hood and 5 mi northeast of Timothy Lake, near the junction of USA Route 26 and Skyline Road at the latter&#39;s northern terminus. It is near the northwest corner of Wasco County. The Pacific Crest Trail is 4 km (2 mi) west of the lake.</p><br>
<p>It is fed by several small streams of the eastern Cascade crest. It is the headwaters of Clear Creek, a tributary of the White River, blocked at the east end by the Wasco Dam. The earthen dam was a 1959 irrigation project of the United States Bureau of Reclamation, 59 feet high and 1901 feet long at its crest.</p><br>
<p>Clear Lake Butte is a 4,454 ft butte 1.3 mi south of the lake, and defines the northwest corner of Warm Springs Indian Reservation. The lake is known for abundant fish and its windy conditions. The banks are edged by tree stumps and free range cattle tracks. The campground has 28 established spots and an overflow area.</p><br>
<p>Sawtooth Peak is a jagged mountain rising to a height of 12,343 ft. It contains an abundant supply of gold and mercury.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The trailhead up to Sawtooth Peak starts in Mineral King, 23 miles off of the 198 on Mineral King Road. The trailhead is located at the end of Mineral King Road in a parking lot/staging area. The trail up to the peak is 11.5 miles round trip and is rated difficult. The last half-mile of the trail is mainly loose gravel and steep switchbacks. The base of the trail is at 7800 Ft elevation and climbs up to 12,400 Ft at the top of the pass. Hiking is recommended from May to October. Permits are required for overnight stay.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The easiest approach is from the valley to Sawtooth Pass, and then up the northwest slope of the peak. It was first known to be climbed by Joseph Lovelace during a deer hunt in 1871.</p><br>
<p>Today, this approach follows an established trail to Sawtooth Pass, then continues on a cross-country route to the peak. The section of trail from Monarch Lakes to Sawtooth Pass is steep and marred by granite sand, and as such is prone to erosion. The trailhead, shared with the Timber Gap trail, is located in the Mineral King Valley, about 1/2 mile (0.80 km) uphill from the Ranger Station. It starts at 7,500 ft, is approximately 7 mi round trip, and the route reaches a final elevation of 12,343 ft at the peak.</p><br>
<p>Mount Amiata is the largest of the lava domes in the Amiata lava dome complex located about 20 km northwest of Lake Bolsena in the southern Tuscany region of Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Amiata (La Vetta) is a compound lava dome with a trachytic lava flow that extends to the east. It is part of the larger Amiata complex volcano. A massive viscous trachydacitic lava flow, 5 km long and 4 km wide, is part of the basal complex and extends from beneath the southern base of Corno de Bellaria dome. Radiometric dates indicate that the Amiata complex had a major eruptive episode about 300,000 years ago. No eruptive activity has occurred at Amiata during the Holocene, but thermal activity including cinnabar mineralization continues at a geothermal field near the town of Bagnore, at the SW end of the dome complex.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The main economical resources of the Amiata region are chestnuts, timber and, increasingly, tourism (ski resorts include the peak area, Prato delle Macinaie, Prato della Contessa, Rifugio Cantore and Pian della Marsiliana). The lower areas are characterized by olive trees and vines. Other vegetation include beech and fir. In ancient times cinnabar was extracted here.</p><br>
<p>The region is included in the comuni of Abbadia San Salvatore, Arcidosso, Castel del Piano, Piancastagnaio, Santa Fiora and Seggiano, all located between 600 and 800 metres of altitude.</p><br>
<p>The Rosengarten group  is a massif in the Dolomites of northern Italy. It is located between the Tierser Tal and Eggental in South Tyrol and the Fassa Valley in Trentino.</p><br>
<p>One peculiarity of the Rosengarten is the pink shade which, due to the presence of dolomite mineral, it takes in the sunset, celebrated in the Bozner Bergsteigerlied as "glowing". Meaning "Rose garden" in German, the name refers to the legend of King Laurin and his Rose Garden, a traditional story explaining the outer appearance of the mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Summits</h2><br>
<p>The highest peak is the Kesselkogel at 3,002 m over the sea level. Other peaks include:</p><br>
<p>Rosengartenspitze - 2,981 m</p><br>
<p>Vajolet-Türme - 2,813 m</p><br>
<p>Laurinswand (Croda di Re Laurino) - 2,813 m</p><br>
<p>Tscheiner-Spitze (Cima Sforcella) - 2,813 m</p><br>
<p>Rotwand (Roda di Vaèl) - 2,806 m</p><br>
<p>Teufelswand (Croda Davoi) - 2,727 m</p><br>
<p>The Maine State Building is a historic building on Preservation Way, part of the Poland Springs resort complex in South Poland, Maine. It was built in 1893 at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Designed by Chicago architect Charles Sumner Frost, a Lewiston, Maine native and MIT graduate, the building was constructed of granite with a slate roof. All the materials were from Maine and crafted by craftsmen and companies from Maine. At the fair, the building was filled with displays about the State of Maine.</p><br>
<p>The granite that composed the building came from ten different quarries throughout the state and the slate on the roof from the Monson Slate Company of Monson, Maine.</p><br>
<p>The Ricker Family bought the building for $30,000. Arrangements were made for the dismantling of the building and shipping by freight train back to Maine. It was to take 16 freight cars! The Rickers sent a crew of 19 men to Chicago, led by Forest Walker of Poland, the resorts head carpenter and civil engineer to take the building down, carefully marking each section. The building was taken apart under the personal supervision of Hiram W. Ricker, loaded on a special train of sixteen cars and transported to Maine, at a cost of over three thousand dollars. It was to become the crowning feature of the opening of the season of 1895. The cornerstone was laid on August 14, 1894, and the Maine State Building was dedicated on July 1, 1895, as part of the celebration marking the Rickers settling in Poland.</p><br>
<p>After its move to Poland Spring, the first floor was dedicated to a library and reading room. The second floor had bedrooms for overnight guests. The third floor was an Art Gallery where American art was shown.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Maine State Building is under the supervision of the Poland Spring Preservation Society, an organization dedicated to the restoration and preservation of the Maine State Building and All Soul&#39;s Chapel in Poland. The Society operates the Nettie Ricker Art Gallery in the Maine State Building, with changing exhibits of local and regional art.</p><br>
<p>Along with the Norway Building in Wisconsin, The Dutch House in Massachusetts, and the Palace of Fine Arts (now the Museum of Science and Industry) and World Congress Auxiliary Building (now the Art Institute of Chicago) in Chicago, the Maine State Building is one of the few remaining buildings from the 1893 World&#39;s Fair.</p><br>
<p> is a 982 m mountain in the Moravian-Silesian Beskids mountain range, Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.</p><br>
<p>Several tourist routes lead to Kozubová. One can reach the mountain from surrounding villages: Milíkov (Milików), Košařiska (Koszarzyska), Bocanovice (Boconowice) and Dolní Lomná (Łomna Dolna).</p><br>
<p>According to Jan Korzenny, regional historian from Dolní Lomná, the name of the mountain is derived from surname Kozub. It is said to be a sheep shepherd who led his sheep on the slopes of this mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, a Saint Anne chapel was built there. Beskid sandstone was used as a construction material. Main initiator of the building was priest Rudolf Płoszek from Hnojník (Gnojnik). It was consecrated 7 August 1937. More than 10,000 people took part in the event. Since 1937, a church fair occurs here every year at the end of July. Prominent feature of the chapel is a 15 m tower, serving as a lookout tower during the church fair. Church masses occur only several times a year. At the end of the 1990s, it was reconstructed.</p><br>
<p>There is a mountain hut on Kozubová. Original wooden hut was built in July 1928-August 1929 on the initiative of Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczne "Beskid Śląski" (Polish Touristic Society "Silesian Beskids") of the Polish minority in Czechoslovakia. The project was prepared by architect Edward Dawid. Mountain hut was opened 8 September 1929. During World War II it served mostly to the Hitler Youth, and at the end of war to Wehrmacht units who conducted operations against partisans from the area. The building burnt to the ground on 9 February 1973. Precise investigation evaluated reason of the fire. It was self-ignition of a balk near the chimney. In 1986 new, current hut was built on its place; its architectonic character is, however, completely different from the style of the original one.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Old Louisiana Governors Mansion, home of Preserve Louisiana is located at 502 North Blvd. between Royal and St. Charles Streets in Baton Rouge and was used between 1930 and 1961; a new residence was completed in 1963. When the original Louisiana Governors mansion was termite-infested during the beginning of Huey Longs governorship, Long decided to build a new one on the site. This governors mansion is modeled after the White House in Washington D.C. supposedly because Governor Long wanted to become familiar with Washingtons White House. During the construction of this new governors mansion Huey Long refused to move into the original one. Instead after his inauguration Long stayed at the Heidelberg Hotel in Baton Rouge while his family stayed back home in Shreveport.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building replaced the first Governors Mansion, which was a rather large, though modest, frame house constructed for Nathan King Knox, a Baton Rouge businessman, and was the official residence of Louisianas Governors from 1887 until 1929, when it was razed and the present Old Governor&#39;s Mansion was built. The building cost almost $150,000 to complete, and, at a cost of $22,000 (a princely sum for depression-era Louisiana), the Mansion was furnished with the finest damask and velvet drapes, crystal chandeliers, hand-printed French wallpaper, and other fine appointments.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, a new Mansion was constructed just east of the towering State Capitol building, and in 1964 the old Mansion became the home of the Louisiana Arts and Science Center Museum. The Mansion served as headquarters for the LASC until 1976, when the Museum moved to new quarters in the Old Illinois Central Train Station. In 1978, the Mansion reopened as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion is currently run by the state-wide preservation advocacy organization Preserve Louisiana. Preserve Louisiana promotes the preservation of Louisiana cultural and architectural heritage through education, advocacy, and stewardship. As stewards of the Old Governor&#39;s Mansion, Preserve Louisiana offers monthly educational lectures at the Mansion, tours of the Mansion to visitors and school groups, and also offers the Mansion as an event venue for weddings, bridal portraits, corporate parties, and more.</p><br>
<p>Henry Lawrence Island is an island of the Andaman Islands. It belongs to the South Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</p><br>
<p>the island is lying 60 km northeast from Port Blair.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Henry Lawrence island is named after Brigadier-general Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to the Ritchies Archipelago and is located between John Lawrence Island and Inglis Island. it is the second largest Island of the Ritchies Archipelago, it has an area of 54.7 km.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Politically, Henry Lawrence Island is part of Port Blair Taluk.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The island is uninhabited.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Southern Railway Passenger Station is railway passenger depot built ca. 1885 in Westminster, South Carolina. It is one of the oldest buildings in the community.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railroad, a predecessor of the Southern Railway, was built in the early 1870s and Westminster was built along the railroad tracks. The station is believed to have been built about 1885. It has a rectangular plan with dimensions of 96 x. It has a deep hip roof. Built of wood, it was covered with asbestos siding in around 1940. It had two waiting rooms, an office, and a baggage room. It ceased being used as a passenger depot in 1969 when passenger service to the city was suspended.</p><br>
<p>It was converted into community uses such as a meeting room and a community health center.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, it suffered damage in a fire. The station was rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>__NOTOC__</p><br>
<p>The Brothers Volcano is a Pacific Ocean submarine volcano in the Kermadec Arc, 340 kilometres north east of New Zealand&#39;s Whakaari/White Island. Within its oval outline, which measures 13 km by 8 km, it contains a 3 km wide caldera with walls 300-500 m high. It is three times bigger than the White Island. A dacite (dacite lava&#39;s viscosity is in between rhyolite and andesite These chimneys are created when the hydrothermal fluids hit the cold water and the chemicals in solution are deposited. The hydrothermal fluids are an energy source to many unique organisms like tubeworms and other bacteria. The marine life and minerals found from these chimneys are beneficial to New Zealand&#39;s economy and biotechnology industry.</p><br>
<p>The volcano was created by a subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Australian Plate.</p><br>
<p>It is still unknown when the Brothers Volcano last erupted, but the crater walls tell us that its last eruption was so explosive that it caused the volcano to blow out a caldera. A joint expedition by the United States, New Zealand and Germany mapped the volcano in detail in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Monitoring</h2><br>
<p>Submarine volcanoes are not monitored by any organization, but have become a central interest in current expeditions.</p><br>
<p>The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum is located in Saunderstown, Rhode Island, US. Gilbert Stuart was born on December 3, 1755 in the colonial-era house located on the property, becoming a famous American portraitist of the 18th and 19th centuries. The museum consists of the 1750 house in which Stuart was born, an operational snuff mill, an operational grist mill, a mill pond, streams, a fish ladder, nature trails, an herb garden, and a handicapped-accessible welcome center and art gallery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house on the property was built in 1751, and Gilbert Stuart lived there for six years. Stuart&#39;s father operated the family business in the basement of the house, where a water-powered snuff mill was located. His father was an immigrant from Scotland who worked in the snuffmaking industry; he ground dried tobacco leaves into snuff, a fine powder used widely in the colonial era. The original snuff mill located in the house was actually the first such mill in the American colonies; all mills had previously been located in Europe, particularly in England. When Stuart was six years old, his family moved to Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The house served as a private residence and a tavern during the 18th century, with the original snuff mill and water wheel being lost.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the Birthplace was restored to its colonial state by Norman Isham, and was opened to the public as a museum in 1931. Many of the house&#39;s original wood beams remained intact. It also retained its original four corner fireplaces, one in each room in the house. An English snuff mill built in the early 1730s was transported to the property during the restoration, and it is considered faithful in design to the original snuff mill. In addition, a new water wheel was built and attached to the side of the house, allowing the mill to operate by water power from Mattatuxet Brook.</p><br>
<p>An original colonial-era gristmill was built in 1757 and owned by Benjamin Hammond, fitted with a water wheel. The mill remained inoperable until 2007, when the waterwheel was reconnected to the mill&#39;s operating gears, with a celebration entitled "Old Mill Day".</p><br>
<p>The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace operates guided tours of the birthplace and gristmill Thursday through Monday, and is open from May until mid-October. The house is furnished with original colonial furnishings in every room, though no piece of furniture is original to the house. Each room is also fitted with reproductions of Gilbert Stuarts most famous works, including the famous Athenaeum Portrait of George Washington (which is portrayed on the one-dollar bill), The Skater, Dr. Hunters Spaniels, John Jay, and Catherine Brass Yates. Tours of the museum focus on the operation of the mills, explanation of the fish ladder, talks about the life and artwork of Gilbert Stuart, as well as some descriptions of the colonial furnishings and objects.</p><br>
<h3>Junior docents</h3><br>
<p>The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace operates a unique junior docent program, in which children and adolescents can volunteer to give interpretive tours of the museum dressed in colonial attire. The program is designed to teach children about history and the workings of a museum. Junior docents conduct tours on Sunday afternoons.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace is located on twenty-three acres of property. The museum features nature trails, which bring tourists to the site of an old colonial burial ground, the Benjamin Hammond cemetery, a scenic overlook of Carr Pond, and the foundation of a colonial fulling mill. The grounds also feature an herb garden, a timber dam, and a boat dock, from which rowboats can be rented by museum members for use on nearby Carr Pond.</p><br>
<p>The Magnolia Mound Plantation House is a French Creole house constructed in 1791 near the Mississippi River in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Many period documents refer to the plantation as Mount Magnolia. The house and several original outbuildings on the grounds of Magnolia Mound Plantation are examples of the vernacular architectural influences of early settlers from France and the West Indies. The complex is owned by the city of Baton Rouge and maintained by its Recreation Commission . It is located approximately one mile south of downtown. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The plantation house, first a cottage, is one of the earliest buildings in the present-day city of Baton Rouge.</p><br>
<p>The land was owned originally by James Hillin, an early Scots settler who arrived in 1786, who lived there with wife Jane Stanley Hillin, five children, and six enslaved Africans: Thomas, John, Lucia, Catherine, Jenny, and Anna. On December 23, 1791, John Joyce, from County Cork, Ireland, purchased the 950 acre property. He, his wife Constance Rochon and their children lived in Mobile, Alabama. By the time of his drowning, on May 9, 1798, during a sailing trip from New Orleans to Mobile, Joyce held about 50 slaves at the plantation, who cultivated indigo, tobacco, cotton, and sugarcane under the supervision of an overseer.</p><br>
<p>The widow Constance Rochon Joyce married the widower Armand Duplantier, an influential person in the area who had four surviving children from his first marriage and had managed a plantation in the vicinity of Pointe Coupee. She brought 54 slaves to the marriage from her estate. He was a former captain of the Continental Army under the Marquis de Lafayette. They had five children together. From 1802 to 1805, they enlarged the house to accommodate their large family, although they used it mostly as a country house. Armand Duplantier died in 1827.</p><br>
<p>Duplantier descendants owned the plantation until 1849; the property then had several owners through the late 19th century. At that time Louis Barillier (see portrait) sold the land and improvements to Robert A. Hart.</p><br>
<h2>After the Civil War</h2><br>
<p>Edward J. Gay purchased the deed in the early 1860s and had several overseers run the plantation for him, including the years after the Civil War. In 1869, the manager was W.L. Larimore.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, Mrs. Blanche Duncan acquired Magnolia Mound Plantation through a family inheritance. In 1951, Mrs. Duncan commissioned the architectural firm of Goodman and Miller of Baton Rouge to do extensive alterations and additions.</p><br>
<p>After the property fell into disrepair, in 1966 the City of Baton Rouge exercised its right of eminent domain to purchase the house and 16 acre, in order to preserve the house and its dependencies for their historic and architectural value. The property is a green space within the city.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The cottage was originally four rooms, with side-by-side room arrangement. About 1812 it was expanded to a seven or eight-room house, including an extension for a formal dining room and two service rooms. A "U-shaped" gallery was constructed during this second stage of development. The Duplantier family used it as a country house.</p><br>
<p>During the late 19th century, owners added rooms under the gallery on the north and south sides. The basic form of the house is rectangular with a large hip roof, which covers all rooms and galleries. During the early 19th century, double-hung windows were added.</p><br>
<p>The interior décor was altered during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the city installed an original, double slave cabin (c.1830) from Pointe Coupee Parish on the grounds to help interpret the lives of enslaved Africans. One half is furnished as it would have been in the early 19th century; the other half houses an exhibit on slave life in Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Additional outbuildings, some original to the plantation, show how the operations of the plantation were supported:</p><br>
<p>Open-hearth kitchen - The city reconstructed a separate outdoor kitchen building based on archaeological evidence. It is authentically furnished with vintage utensils, such as spider pots, a clock-jack, sugar nippers, waffle iron, olla jar, and reflector ovens.</p><br>
<p>Overseer&#39;s house - original to the plantation, c. 1870.</p><br>
<p>Crop garden - The crop garden contains indigo, tobacco, cotton, and sugarcane, depicting Magnolia Mound&#39;s cash crops throughout its history.</p><br>
<p>Pigeonnier - A small pigeon house or dovecote, c.1825, typical of French Creole plantations, was used to house squab and various game birds. Today it again houses a collection of live pigeons.</p><br>
<p>Carriage house - Holds a collection of vintage tools, as well as a weaver&#39;s workshop, which depict plantation crafts c.1800-1820.</p><br>
<p>The Kimpton Hotel Vintage Portland, historically known as the Imperial Hotel and also as The Plaza Hotel, is a historic hotel building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. It was completed in 1894 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as "Imperial Hotel". Since 2015, the building has been in use as the Kimpton Hotel Vintage Portland, and prior to then it had been known as the Hotel Vintage Plaza since 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction began in 1892, and the Imperial Hotel opened in March 1894. The building is in the Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style.</p><br>
<p>A major expansion was built in 1909 in the form of a separate building, adjacent, known as the New Imperial Hotel. At the end of 1949, the two buildings that had comprised the Imperial were made into separate hotels, when the new building was sold. The original, 1894 building was renamed the Plaza Hotel, while the newer building retained the Imperial name (named the Hotel Lucia since 2002).</p><br>
<p>A glass false storefront was removed in a renovation done in the 1980s, revealing the structures lower level stonework. The hotels former name appears in the stonework above the Washington Street entrance. By at least the early 1980s However, it suffered from a high vacancy rate, attributed in part to an excess of available office space in downtown Portland.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a Portland historical landmark in spring 1985 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1985.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the building was acquired by Kimco Hotel Management (now Kimpton Hotels & Restaurant Group) and remodeled as a</p><br>
<p>boutique hotel. Renamed the Hotel Vintage Plaza, it reopened in May 1991.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed for a two-month, $16-million remodeling in early 2015, and when it reopened in mid-March it was renamed the Kimpton Hotel Vintage Portland.</p><br>
<p>The Telegram Building is a historic building in Portland, Oregon. It formerly served as the headquarters of The Evening Telegram, a now-defunct local newspaper founded in 1877 by Henry L. Pittock. A Republican-leaning newspaper, the Telegram merged in 1931 with the Portland News, creating the Portland News-Telegram, which in turn ceased publishing in 1939. The red brick and terra-cotta structure culminates in a colonial-style clock tower.</p><br>
<p>A major renovation was completed in the 2004, renovating the building to accommodate multi-tenant office space. The renovation added two floors of underground parking, office space upstairs, and a penthouse (also office space) behind the clock tower. The Telegram Building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Fort Phantom Hill was a United States Army and Confederate Army installation located at the Clear Fork of the Brazos River in Jones County, Texas. The fort was active from 1852 to 1853 and again from 1856 until the 1890s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The post was established on November 14, 1851 by five companies of the 5th Infantry under Brevet Lt. Colonel John Joseph Abercrombieand just a year later was transformed into a well-organized and thoroughly developed post. Henry Hopkins Sibley assumed command on 24 Sept. 1853.</p><br>
<p>Conditions continued to be difficult for people at the fort, and in November 1853, approval was given for the military to abandon the fort. Shortly after the troops left on 6 April 1854, fire destroyed most of the log walls and thatch roofs of the buildings that made up this large and complex five-company post on the Texas Frontier. Several stone buildings, stone chimneys, and the stone building foundations remain intact today. A watercolor by J.B. Miller in the Center for American History in Austin, shows Fort Phantom Hill as it was before the fire.</p><br>
<p>In 1858, the property was reoccupied as a way station (No. 54) on the Southern Overland Mail route, Butterfield Stagecoach, at the abandoned fort until 1861.</p><br>
<p>Fort Phantom Hill was used again during the Civil War by the Confederacys Frontier Battalion, and after the Civil War, in 1871, it became a sub-post of Fort Griffin (near Albany, Texas) during the Indian campaigns. Other forts in the frontier fort system, besides these two, were Forts Concho, Belknap, Chadbourne, Fort Stockton, Fort Davis, Fort Bliss, McKavett, Clark, Fort McIntosh, Fort Inge and Richardson in Texas, and Fort Sill in Oklahoma. There were "sub posts or intermediate stations" including Bothwicks Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<p>After 1875, a town grew up around the ruins of Fort Phantom Hill. The location functioned first as a buying and shipping point for buffalo hides and eventually as a town of more than 500 residents. Census records in 1880 show more than 546 people living at the fort, which had a hotel and the staples of most West Texas towns.</p><br>
<p>Fort Phantom Hill also served briefly as the Jones County seat, although residents later moved it to the community of Anson. By the 1890s, Fort Phantom Hill was largely abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Modern day visitors to Fort Phantom Hill can still get a feel for what life must have been like here in the 1850s as people tried to tame the unforgiving West Texas landscape. It seems the wisdom of General Persifor F. Smith&#39;s choice of this site for what was originally known as "The Post on the Clear Fork of the Brazos River" was disputed from the very beginning, especially by Major John Joseph Abercrombie. The major was a West Point graduate who commanded the Post on the Clear Fork from the time of its establishment on, until April 27, 1852, according to A History of Fort Phantom Hill, The Post on the Clear Fork of the Brazos River, Jones County, Texas (prepared by Martha Doty Freeman in May 1999 for The Fort Phantom Foundation).</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Clinton Lear, the post&#39;s quartermaster, even went so far as to assert that he could not imagine "that God ever intended white man to occupy such a barren waste" as was found at Phantom Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Phantom Hill property has been owned by the family of Abilenian John Guitar since he purchased it in 1928. Mr. Guitar&#39;s grandson, Jim Alexander of Abilene, purchased the property in 1969. In 1997, Mr. Alexander deeded the property to the Fort Phantom Foundation to help assure its long-term preservation and to make it more accessible to the public.</p><br>
<p>Today Fort Phantom Hill is one of the most pristine historic sites in Texas. Besides the stone chimneys, other remnants of the developed fort remain for visitors to explore at the 22 acre site. These include an intact stone powder magazine, a stone guardhouse, and an almost-intact commissary or warehouse.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Phantom Hill Lake</h2><br>
<p>Fort Phantom Hill Lake (32&deg;37&prime;00&Prime;N latitude, 99&deg;40&prime;07&Prime;W longitude) is located on Elm Creek in Jones County, 15 mi in north Abilene.</p><br>
<p>Surface area: 4,213 acre</p><br>
<p>Maximum depth: 66 ft</p><br>
<p>Impounded: 1938</p><br>
<p>Fluctuation: Moderate to severe, sometimes prone to long periods with dropping water levels&lt</p><br>
<p>Normal Clarity: Stained to muddy and red-colored in upper end</p><br>
<p>Predominant Fish Species</p><br>
<p>Largemouth bass</p><br>
<p>White & hybrid striped bass</p><br>
<p>Blue & flathead catfish</p><br>
<p>White crappie</p><br>
<p>Freshwater drum</p><br>
<p>The Terminal Sales Building is a historic building in Portland, Oregon, United States. One of the few pieces of prominent Art Deco architecture in Portland, it is the only high-rise example. The design of this building is consistently misattributed to A. E. Doyle. The buildings design was the work of Wilfred Frank Higgins, an architect in Doyles office. While art deco was certainly an anomaly for the firm that usually produced classical revival and Beaux Arts works, this is readily explained by the fact that Doyle himself had little involvement in the design process for this building. In fact, Higgins name and signature appear alone on most of the construction documents and blueprints.</p><br>
<p>The building was completed in 1927; it stands 155 feet (47 m) tall and has 13 above-ground floors. The Terminal Sales Building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 17, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Seward Hotel, also known as the Governor Hotel , is a historic hotel building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Built in 1909, it is one of two NRHP-listed buildings that make up the Sentinel Hotel, the other being the 1923-built Elks Temple. The Seward was renamed the Governor Hotel in 1931, closed in the mid-1980s, and reopened in 1992 joined with the former Elks building, and thereafter formed the east wing of a two-building hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Seward Hotel was completed in 1909. Its glazed terracotta exterior motif features a blending of art nouveau and Native American designs. Its interior architecture is in the arts and crafts style, popular during the period in which it was built. The hotel&#39;s architect, William C. Knighton, went on to become the first Oregon State Architect in 1912, and later designed the Oregon State Supreme Court Building.</p><br>
<p>The hotel&#39;s original owner was G. Rosenblatt, but it was named for its proprietor, Walter M. Seward. It included a restaurant in the basement, the Seward Grill, which Mr. Seward also operated until selling it in 1921. The hotel was sold in 1930, and was renamed The Governor Hotel upon reopening in 1931.</p><br>
<p>Atiyeh Brothers, a rug and carpet retailer, occupied a large space in the ground floor of the Governor Hotel for 38 years, from 1935 to 1973. Alterations made in 1934–1935 when Atiyeh Brothers moved in included moving the lobby to nearer the center of the building. A stained-glass dome hung from the ceiling in the ground-floor corner area that was occupied after 1934 by the office of George and Aziz Atiyeh. When the business moved out in 1973, the approximately 5 x decorative fixture was dismantled and placed into storage by the Atiyehs. It was reacquired by the hotel in 1992 and restored for reinstallation.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, as the Seward Hotel, the name it carried between 1909 and 1931.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1980s, the Governor Hotel had fallen into disrepair and closed, but new owners were planning renovations. but later stalled because of financing problems.</p><br>
<p>Renovation work eventually resumed, and was completed in spring 1992. The project included connecting the former Seward Hotel building with the neighboring Princeton Building, which had originally been constructed in 1923 as the Elks Temple and in 1978 had received its own listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1994, McCormick & Schmicks opened Jakes Grill in space next to the hotel entrance and lobby, on 10th Avenue.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, during another round of renovations, a new lobby was created inside the Princeton Building, and its entrance (on SW 11th Avenue) became the main entrance to the Governor Hotel. Jake&#39;s Grill then expanded into the former hotel lobby area, on SW 10th Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Governor Hotel was sold to Provenance Hotels in 2012 and renovated, and in 2014 it was renamed the Sentinel Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bunagatake is a 1,214.4 m mountain in Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. This mountain is one of the 200 famous mountains in Japan and also one of the Kinki 100 mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Outline</h2><br>
<p>Mount Bunagatake is the highest mountain of Hira Mountains. Hira mountains consist of three parts, Oku-Hira, Kita-Hira and Minami-Hira, literally, ‘Deep Hira’, ‘North Hira’, and ‘South Hira’. Mount Bunagatake belongs to Oku-Hira, and on the Mesozoic strata as other mountains of Oku-Hira.</p><br>
<p>This mountain is also a part of Biwako Quasi-National Park, and visitors can enjoy the almost 360 degree panorama view from the top.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>From Hira Station to the middle of this mountain, Hira Chair Lift, which was made in 1960, and Hira Ropeway opened in 1961, connected until 2004 with a Bus route by Kojyaku Bus. However the chair lift and the ropeway were removed in 2004, and the Bus route was also discontinued after that.</p><br>
<p>Hira Station of Kosei Line</p><br>
<p>Bomura Bus Stop of Kyoto Bus</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
